CSS Past Paper 2016 Agriculture and Forestry Descriptive (Part 2)
CSS | Past Paper | Group 5 | 2016 | Part 2 | Descriptive
Below is the solution to PART-II (COMPULSORY) of the CSS Past Paper 2016 Agriculture and Forestry Descriptive (Part 2).
Question 2
What is the role of live stock in national economy? How the government policies have over the years promoted this sector? What are the future prospects, Issues and Challenges?
Introduction
Livestock plays a very important role in Pakistan’s economy. It is not just a source of food like milk and meat, but also helps in employment and income for rural families. Over the years, the government has tried many policies to support this sector. But still, there are some big problems and future challenges that we need to face.
Role of Livestock in National Economy
- Contribution to GDP
Livestock contributes around 11-12% to Pakistan’s GDP and over 50% to agriculture value-added. It is one of the biggest parts of agriculture. - Employment
About 30-35 million people in rural areas depend on livestock for their income. It supports landless farmers and women too. - Source of Food
It gives us milk, meat, eggs, and other dairy products. Pakistan is among the top milk-producing countries in the world. - Export and Trade
Livestock products like leather, meat, and wool are exported to earn foreign exchange. Meat exports are increasing every year. - Draught Power and Manure
In villages, animals like bullocks are still used for ploughing. Animal dung is also used as fuel and natural fertilizer.
Government Policies to Promote Livestock Sector
- Livestock Development Policy (2007)
This was a big step to improve breeding, animal health, and livestock farming systems. - Establishment of Veterinary Services
Many veterinary centers and mobile clinics were made to control animal diseases. - Public-Private Partnerships
Projects were started with private companies to improve dairy farming and milk collection. - Subsidies and Credit Schemes
The government gave loans to small farmers under schemes like the Livestock Insurance Scheme and Prime Minister’s Kamyab Jawan Program. - Research & Extension
Universities and research centers like PARC and UVAS Lahore have helped in better livestock research and education.
Future Prospects
- Dairy Sector Modernization
There is a huge potential to improve milk production by introducing modern breeds and machinery. - Halal Meat Export
Pakistan can become a leading halal meat exporter to Muslim countries. - Value Addition
By making cheese, yogurt, butter, and other products, more income can be generated. - Job Creation
Youth can be trained in animal farming, milk processing, and marketing.
Issues and Challenges
- Low Genetic Potential
Local breeds give low milk and meat yields. Crossbreeding is still limited. - Animal Health Problems
Diseases like Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and tick fever affect animal productivity. - Lack of Modern Facilities
Most farmers still use traditional methods. Cold chains and veterinary labs are missing in many areas. - Feed Shortage
Poor quality and less quantity of fodder reduces animal performance. - Climate Change
Rising temperatures and water scarcity are affecting animal health and feed availability. - Weak Marketing and Middlemen Exploitation
Farmers do not get the right price because of too many middlemen in the system.
Conclusion
Livestock is a backbone of Pakistan’s rural economy. It has huge potential to reduce poverty, increase exports, and improve nutrition. The government has made efforts, but more long-term planning, investment, and modern techniques are needed. If we solve the current issues and focus on innovation, the livestock sector can become a game-changer for Pakistan’s agriculture.
Question 3
What is the cause of low productivity of cereal crops in Pakistan? How grain production could be made sustainable despite falling international prices?
Introduction
Cereal crops like wheat, rice, maize, and barley are main food sources in Pakistan. These crops are grown all over the country, especially in Punjab and Sindh. But sadly, their productivity (yield per acre) is still very low compared to many other countries. This is a serious problem for food security and farmer income. Also, falling international prices make it harder for farmers to stay profitable.
Causes of Low Productivity of Cereal Crops in Pakistan
- Outdated Farming Practices
Most farmers still use traditional tools and methods like hand sowing and flood irrigation. These reduce yield and waste water. - Poor Quality Seeds
Farmers use low-quality or old seeds. Certified high-yielding varieties (HYVs) are not easily available or too expensive for small farmers. - Lack of Fertilizer Use
Many farmers don’t use enough fertilizers due to high prices. Also, imbalanced use of nutrients (too much urea, not enough phosphorus or potash) harms crop health. - Water Mismanagement
Pakistan is facing water shortage. Also, most irrigation water is wasted due to poor canals and inefficient methods. - Pests and Diseases
Crops are attacked by insects, weeds, and diseases like rust in wheat and stem borers in rice. Lack of proper pest control reduces yields. - Climate Change Effects
Extreme weather events like heatwaves, droughts, and floods damage cereal crops. Changes in rainfall patterns also disturb sowing and harvesting times. - Small Land Holdings
Most farmers own very small pieces of land. This makes it hard for them to use modern machinery or practice crop rotation. - Lack of Extension Services
Farmers don’t get enough guidance or training about new techniques. Many don’t even know about new varieties or how to use inputs properly.
Making Grain Production Sustainable Despite Falling International Prices
- Adopting Modern Techniques
Mechanized farming, precision agriculture, and laser land leveling can improve efficiency and reduce costs. - Use of High-Yielding and Climate-Resilient Varieties
Seeds that grow faster, resist disease, and tolerate heat or drought can increase production even with less water or fertilizer. - Balanced Fertilizer Use and Soil Health
Promoting the use of organic matter and correct fertilizer mix will keep soil fertile and increase yield. - Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Instead of overusing pesticides, a balanced approach using natural enemies, crop rotation, and safe chemicals can protect crops and the environment. - Water-Saving Irrigation
Techniques like drip and sprinkler systems can save water and grow more crops per drop. - Crop Diversification and Rotation
Planting different crops in different seasons improves soil and reduces the risk of total crop failure. - Government Support and Subsidies
Support prices, input subsidies, and low-interest loans can help farmers survive when prices fall. - Storage and Value Addition
Good storage facilities and food processing units can reduce post-harvest losses and add value to grains, increasing farmer income. - Export Promotion and Trade Agreements
Government can find new markets and make better deals to export grains, even when prices are low globally. - Training and Awareness Programs
Regular workshops and farmer field schools can help farmers learn about sustainable practices and market trends.
Conclusion
Cereal crops are the backbone of Pakistan’s food system, but their low productivity is a big issue. Many reasons like poor seeds, bad irrigation, small farms, and climate change are behind this. To deal with falling international prices, we must make grain farming more efficient, modern, and environment-friendly. With strong policies, farmer education, and better infrastructure, Pakistan can achieve food security and protect farmer incomes at the same time.
Question 4
How understanding of genetics has helped in improving the productivity of crops and livestock? What are the prospects of genetic engineering in crop sector improvement? Discuss all pros and con?
Introduction
Genetics is the science of how traits are passed from one generation to another. In agriculture, understanding genetics has brought a revolution. It has helped scientists and farmers to develop better crops and animals with high productivity, better resistance, and improved quality. Genetic engineering, which is an advanced form of genetics, is now being used to improve crops even more.
Role of Genetics in Improving Crop Productivity
- Development of High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs)
Through selective breeding and hybridization, scientists have developed crops that give more yield per acre. Example: IRRI rice and hybrid maize. - Disease Resistance
Genetic research has helped in producing crop varieties that are resistant to diseases like rust in wheat and blight in rice. - Drought and Salinity Tolerance
Genetics helped in identifying genes that tolerate stress. Crops can now grow in harsh conditions with less water. - Better Nutritional Quality
Biofortified crops like Golden Rice (rich in Vitamin A) have been made using genetics to fight malnutrition.
Role of Genetics in Improving Livestock Productivity
- Breed Improvement
Crossbreeding local animals with exotic breeds gives better milk and meat production. Example: Sahiwal cows crossed with Friesian. - Disease Resistance
Genetic selection helps in choosing animals that are less likely to get sick, reducing medicine costs. - Faster Growth and Reproduction
Improved genetics lead to animals that grow faster, mature early, and give more offspring. - Artificial Insemination (AI)
Genetic knowledge allows use of AI to spread good genes across a wide population of animals.
Prospects of Genetic Engineering in Crop Sector Improvement
- Transgenic Crops
These are crops that have foreign genes inserted into them. For example, Bt cotton has a gene from a bacteria that kills pests. - Faster Development
Genetic engineering is quicker than traditional breeding. New traits can be added in a short time. - Climate Smart Crops
Crops can be developed that survive heat, cold, or water shortage due to changing climate. - Pest and Herbicide Resistance
GM crops can tolerate specific herbicides, making weed control easier and reducing pesticide use. - Biofortification
Genetically engineered crops can have higher vitamins and minerals, helping public health.
Pros of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
- Increased Yield
More production per acre, helping food security. - Reduced Use of Pesticides
Pest-resistant crops reduce the need for chemical sprays. - Less Land Needed
Higher yield means we don’t need to clear forests for farming. - Profit for Farmers
Good quality and high-yield crops improve farmer income. - Environmental Benefits
Less pesticide and fertilizer use means less pollution.
Cons of Genetic Engineering
- Health Concerns
Some people believe GM foods may cause allergies or long-term health effects (though no solid proof yet). - Biodiversity Loss
Using only one or two GM varieties can reduce genetic diversity in crops. - Resistance Development
Insects and weeds may develop resistance to GM traits over time (like Bt cotton in some areas). - High Cost
GM seeds are often expensive and controlled by big companies. Poor farmers can’t afford them easily. - Ethical and Religious Issues
Some people are against transferring genes between species, especially from animals to plants.
Conclusion
Understanding of genetics has already changed agriculture by improving both crops and animals. Genetic engineering has even more potential to solve problems like low yield, hunger, and climate change. But it must be used carefully, keeping in mind the risks and ethical concerns. With proper laws, education, and research, Pakistan can benefit from genetics to secure its food future.
Question 5
What do you understand by soil fertility? How soil fertility of arable lands can be maintained in good shape? How trees could be helpful in reclaiming water-logged and saline soils?
Introduction
Soil fertility means how well the soil can support plant growth by providing nutrients, water, and good structure. In Pakistan, a big part of the land is arable (can be used for farming), but due to overuse, poor practices, and water problems, fertility is going down. Water-logging and salinity are also big problems in many areas. This needs urgent attention to protect food production and the environment.
What is Soil Fertility?
Soil fertility is the ability of soil to provide essential nutrients, water, and air for plant growth. A fertile soil should have:
- Good amount of macro and micro-nutrients (N, P, K, Zn, etc.)
- Proper structure and texture
- Balanced pH (not too acidic or alkaline)
- Enough organic matter
- Active microorganisms
If any of these are missing or disturbed, plants will not grow well, and crop yield will suffer.
How Soil Fertility of Arable Lands Can Be Maintained?
- Use of Organic Matter
Adding farmyard manure (FYM), compost, and crop residues improves the organic content and soil structure. - Balanced Fertilizer Application
Many farmers overuse urea but ignore other nutrients. Using the right mix of fertilizers (NPK + micronutrients) based on soil tests keeps fertility balanced. - Crop Rotation
Rotating different crops, especially with legumes like lentils or peas, helps in natural nitrogen fixation and improves soil health. - Cover Cropping
Growing crops like clover or grasses in off-season protects soil from erosion and adds nutrients when they decompose. - Green Manuring
Ploughing green plants like Sesbania into the soil before planting a new crop adds fresh organic matter. - Avoiding Over-Irrigation
Too much water can lead to water-logging and salt build-up. Proper irrigation management saves soil quality. - Reduced Tillage
Minimum disturbance to soil helps in retaining moisture and preserving soil structure. - Biofertilizers and Microbial Inoculants
These help in fixing nitrogen and increasing phosphorus availability naturally.
How Trees Help Reclaim Water-Logged and Saline Soils?
- Lowering Water Table
Some deep-rooted trees like eucalyptus absorb excess groundwater, reducing water-logging. - Salt Absorption
Trees can absorb and store salts through their roots, lowering salinity in the soil. - Improved Drainage
Tree roots create natural channels in the soil, helping in better water drainage. - Organic Matter Addition
Falling leaves and dead plant material from trees decompose and improve soil fertility. - Windbreaks and Shade
Trees protect the land from wind erosion and reduce surface evaporation, helping in salt control. - Rehabilitation of Degraded Land
Trees are often the first step in bringing back dead or abandoned land into productive use.
Best Trees for Reclaiming Problem Soils
- Eucalyptus – Good for lowering water table
- Acacia nilotica (Kikar) – Tolerant to salinity, adds nitrogen
- Tamarix – Used in coastal saline soils
- Prosopis juliflora – Survives in harsh, dry, and saline areas
- Casuarina – Used for stabilizing sandy and saline lands
Conclusion
Soil fertility is the base of agriculture. If the soil is not healthy, food production suffers. In Pakistan, arable lands are under pressure due to overuse, bad practices, and natural problems like salinity and water-logging. Proper use of organic and chemical inputs, good farming practices, and the smart use of trees can help keep soils fertile and bring damaged lands back to life. A mix of traditional knowledge and modern science is the key to saving our soils.
Question 6
What is the significance of rangelands? How these rangelands resources in the country could effectively be utilized? What could possibly be done to improve these rangelands?
Introduction
Rangelands are large natural areas covered with grasses, shrubs, and some trees. In Pakistan, about 60% of the total land is rangeland. These areas are mainly used for grazing animals, especially in Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and parts of Sindh and Punjab. Rangelands support rural communities and play an important role in the country’s economy and environment.
Significance of Rangelands
- Support for Livestock
Rangelands provide natural grazing to millions of animals like goats, sheep, and camels, especially in dry areas. - Source of Fodder
They supply free and cheap green fodder to small farmers who cannot afford commercial feeds. - Livelihood for Rural People
Many nomads and herders depend on these lands for income and food. It supports their animals and lifestyle. - Biodiversity Protection
Rangelands have many native plants, birds, and animals. They help in keeping nature balanced. - Soil and Water Conservation
The vegetation on rangelands protects soil from erosion and helps in absorbing rainwater into the ground. - Carbon Sequestration
Rangelands store carbon in their plants and soils, helping to fight against climate change.
Effective Utilization of Rangelands in Pakistan
- Controlled Grazing
Animals should not be allowed to graze freely all year. Rotational or seasonal grazing gives plants time to regrow. - Match Livestock with Carrying Capacity
There should be a limit on how many animals can graze on a piece of land. Overgrazing destroys grass cover. - Water Points and Fodder Banks
Building small ponds, dams, and storing fodder in dry seasons can make better use of rangelands. - Involve Local Communities
Local herders and villagers should be part of rangeland management. Their knowledge and interest are important. - Rangeland Policy and Laws
Pakistan needs clear laws to protect and manage rangelands, especially against illegal use and deforestation. - Rangeland Monitoring
Use of GPS, satellite maps, and surveys can help monitor the condition of rangelands and take action on time.
What Can Be Done to Improve Rangelands?
- Re-seeding and Plantation
Planting native grasses and fodder plants in bare or damaged areas can bring them back to life. - Weed and Bush Control
Harmful plants like mesquite and lantana should be removed to let useful grass grow. - Soil Conservation Measures
Making bunds, terraces, and small dams in hilly or sloped rangelands reduces soil erosion. - Shelterbelts and Tree Planting
Planting trees around rangelands protects them from wind and improves the microclimate. - Research and Training
More research on local grasses and rangeland systems is needed. Farmers and herders should be trained in modern practices. - Public Awareness Campaigns
People should know how important rangelands are. Media and schools can spread awareness about protecting them. - Support from Government and NGOs
The government and private organizations should invest in rangeland improvement projects, especially in underdeveloped areas.
Conclusion
Rangelands are a valuable resource for Pakistan’s agriculture and environment. They support livestock, protect biodiversity, and help poor rural communities. But due to overgrazing, lack of management, and climate change, these lands are getting damaged. With proper use, local involvement, and government support, Pakistan can improve and protect its rangelands for future generations.
Question 7
What are the different grazing systems in vogue for small ruminants? How livestock wealth of the country has benefited from existing range and forest resources?
Introduction
Small ruminants like sheep and goats are an important part of Pakistan’s livestock sector. They are mostly raised in rural and tribal areas where range and forest lands provide natural grazing. Different grazing systems are used depending on the region, climate, and traditions. These systems help in managing grazing pressure and making sure the animals get proper nutrition. Also, Pakistan’s natural range and forest resources have played a key role in supporting livestock wealth.
Different Grazing Systems in Vogue for Small Ruminants
- Free Grazing System
- Animals roam freely on open rangelands or forests without any control.
- Common in Balochistan and tribal areas.
- Problem: leads to overgrazing and land degradation.
- Rotational Grazing System
- Grazing land is divided into parts (paddocks). Animals graze one part at a time while others rest and regrow.
- Helps in maintaining pasture health and productivity.
- Not common but practiced in some organized farms.
- Seasonal Grazing (Transhumance)
- Animals are moved from one area to another depending on season.
- For example, herders move goats to highlands in summer and lowlands in winter.
- Mostly seen in northern areas and Balochistan.
- Cut-and-Carry System
- Grass or fodder is cut from grazing lands and brought to animals kept in sheds.
- Used in areas where grazing is not allowed or in stall-fed systems.
- More labor but helps protect rangelands.
- Agro-Silvo-Pastoral System
- A mixed system that includes crops, trees, and animals on the same land.
- Grazing is done in a controlled way along with farming and forestry.
- Encouraged for sustainable land use.
How Livestock Wealth Has Benefited from Range and Forest Resources?
- Natural Grazing and Fodder
- Rangelands and forests provide free grazing for millions of animals, especially in hilly and dry areas.
- Major source of green and dry fodder for poor farmers.
- Medicinal Plants and Browse Species
- Forest plants like acacia and ber provide high-protein leaves for goats and sheep.
- Some also help improve animal health naturally.
- Shelter and Shade
- Forests give animals protection from harsh weather and predators.
- Income for Rural Families
- Better grazing means healthier animals and more milk, meat, and wool production.
- This supports rural economy and employment.
- Breeding and Growth
- Availability of diverse plants improves animal diet, which leads to better weight gain and fertility.
- Nomadic and Pastoral Life Support
- Traditional herders like Gujjars and Baloch tribes fully depend on rangelands for their livestock.
- Use of Forest By-products
- Leaves, pods, and tree bark from forests are used as supplementary feed.
Challenges
- Overgrazing and lack of control damaging rangelands.
- Deforestation reducing grazing space.
- Climate change causing droughts and lower grass growth.
- Poor government attention to range management.
Conclusion
Grazing systems play a big role in managing small ruminants in Pakistan. Each system has its benefits and limitations. The country’s range and forest resources have helped build a strong livestock base, especially for poor and landless families. But overuse and mismanagement are causing serious damage. With proper planning, grazing control, and forest protection, Pakistan can keep benefiting from these natural resources for livestock growth and rural development.
Question 8
Write short notes on any Four of the following:
a. Soil erosion
b. Judicious application of chemical fertilizers
c. Rain water harvesting
d. Grain storage and preservation
e. Agro forestry Vs Farm Forestry
f. Environmentally controlled poultry houses
a. Soil Erosion
Introduction
Soil erosion is the removal of top fertile soil by wind, water, or human activity. This top layer is very important for growing crops because it contains nutrients and organic matter. In Pakistan, soil erosion is common in hilly areas like Murree and Swat due to deforestation and overgrazing. It also happens in plains due to floodwater and poor farming methods. To control it, we can use terracing, planting grass strips, tree plantation, and no-till farming. If not controlled, erosion can reduce soil fertility and cause food shortages.
b. Judicious Application of Chemical Fertilizers
Introduction
Chemical fertilizers are important for crop growth, but they must be used wisely. Judicious use means applying the right amount, at the right time, and in the right way. Overuse of fertilizers like urea can damage soil, pollute water, and harm plants. Underuse, on the other hand, leads to poor crop yield. Soil testing should be done to know what nutrients are needed. Balanced use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) gives better results. Also, combining chemical fertilizers with organic manures improves soil health and crop productivity.
c. Rain Water Harvesting
Introduction
Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting and storing rainwater for later use. In agriculture, it helps to save water for crops, especially in dry and rain-fed areas like Tharparkar and Potohar. It can be done by building small ponds, dams, or using rooftop collection systems. The stored water can be used during droughts or when canal water is not available. It reduces dependence on groundwater, prevents floods, and improves water availability for irrigation and domestic use. It is an eco-friendly and low-cost solution for water shortage.
d. Grain Storage and Preservation
Introduction
Grain storage means keeping harvested crops like wheat, rice, and maize in safe conditions to prevent loss. Poor storage causes damage from insects, fungus, and moisture. In Pakistan, a big portion of grains is wasted due to bad storage methods. Grains should be dried properly before storage. Use of metal bins, sealed bags, and clean godowns helps in keeping grains safe. Modern silos with temperature control can also be used. Preservation chemicals like neem powder or tablets can be used safely to protect against pests. Good storage ensures food security and better prices for farmers.
e. Agro Forestry vs. Farm Forestry
Introduction
Agroforestry is a system where trees are grown along with crops or animals on the same land. It provides food, fodder, fuelwood, and improves soil and environment.
Farm Forestry, on the other hand, is when farmers grow trees on their farms mainly for commercial purpose like timber, fuel, or fruit.
Agroforestry is more focused on sustainability and diversity, while farm forestry is more focused on profit. Both help in reducing pressure on forests, improving income, and making agriculture more eco-friendly.
| Aspect | Agroforestry | Farm Forestry |
| Definition | A system where trees are grown along with crops or animals on the same land. | Practice of growing trees on farms mainly for commercial purposes. |
| Purpose | To provide food, fodder, fuelwood, and improve soil and environment. | To produce timber, fuel, or fruit for profit. |
| Focus | Sustainability, diversity, and ecological balance. | Economic gain and commercial use. |
| Integration | Combines trees with crops or livestock on the same land. | Trees are grown separately on farmland. |
| Environmental Impact | Improves soil fertility, reduces erosion, and enhances biodiversity. | Provides limited ecological benefits compared to agroforestry. |
| Outcome | Reduces pressure on forests, improves income, and promotes eco-friendly agriculture. | Generates income through sale of tree products. |
f. Environmentally Controlled Poultry Houses
Introduction
These are poultry sheds where temperature, humidity, ventilation, and lighting are controlled using machines. In traditional poultry farms, birds suffer from heat stress, diseases, and poor growth. In environmentally controlled houses (ECH), birds grow faster, stay healthier, and give better meat and egg production. These houses are common in large-scale poultry farms in Punjab and Karachi. Though they require high investment, they reduce mortality and increase profits. They also protect birds from outside pollution, wild birds, and sudden weather changes.
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