CSS Past Paper 2018 Current Affairs Descriptive (Part 2)
CSS | Past Paper | Compulsory | 2018 | Part 2 | Descriptive
Below is the solution to PART-II (COMPULSORY) of the CSS Past Paper 2018 Current Affairs Descriptive (Part 2).
Question 2
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is considered as a game-changer. How the CPEC can be helpful to uplift the Pakistan’s economy? Discuss.
Introduction
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of the biggest projects between Pakistan and China. It is part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The total worth of CPEC is more than $60 billion. It connects China’s Xinjiang province to Gwadar Port in Balochistan. Many experts call it a game-changer for Pakistan’s economy because it brings investment, jobs, infrastructure, and trade opportunities.
Boost to Infrastructure
CPEC includes many infrastructure projects like roads, highways, railways, and ports. For example, the construction of Gwadar Port, motorways (like M-5), and upgrading of rail lines. These developments help improve trade and transport in Pakistan and connect backward areas with main cities.
Energy Projects
One of the biggest parts of CPEC is energy projects. Pakistan has been facing power shortage for years. CPEC is helping to build coal, hydro, solar, and wind power plants like Sahiwal Coal Power Plant and Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park. These projects reduce load-shedding and improve productivity in industries.
Job Creation
CPEC is expected to create thousands of jobs for Pakistani people. Local labor is being used in construction, transport, and services. According to some reports, over 70,000 jobs were already created during the first phase. In the future, even more jobs will be available, especially in Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
Foreign Investment and Confidence
CPEC is bringing foreign direct investment (FDI) into Pakistan. This also increases the confidence of other countries and investors to invest in Pakistan. It shows that Pakistan is becoming more stable and attractive for business.
Development of Gwadar Port
Gwadar Port is a key part of CPEC. It can become a major trade hub in the region. It gives China access to warm waters and provides Pakistan with a chance to control more trade routes. Development of Gwadar can also benefit Balochistan by creating jobs and facilities.
Regional Trade and Connectivity
CPEC connects Pakistan with Central Asia, the Middle East, and China. It helps in increasing regional trade and making Pakistan a transit country. This can bring revenue from transit fees and improve relations with neighboring countries.
Boost to Tourism and Small Businesses
Better roads and infrastructure also help local tourism and small businesses. Places like Gilgit-Baltistan and Balochistan become more accessible. This increases local income and gives new opportunities to local people.
Challenges
- Security issues, especially in Balochistan.
- Political instability and slow implementation.
- Debt concerns and unequal benefits between provinces.
- Lack of transparency in some projects.
Conclusion
CPEC has great potential to uplift Pakistan’s economy. It brings investment, energy, infrastructure, and jobs. But to fully benefit from it, Pakistan needs to handle security, transparency, and provincial coordination properly. If done right, CPEC can truly change Pakistan’s economic future and help it grow fast.
Question 3
Discuss in detail the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and challenges to it.
Introduction
The Iran-Pakistan (IP) gas pipeline, also called the “Peace Pipeline”, is a big energy project between Iran and Pakistan. The idea of this pipeline started in the 1990s. At first, it was planned between Iran, Pakistan, and India. But later India backed out due to political and security reasons. The pipeline is important for Pakistan because it can help solve the energy crisis, but many challenges have delayed it.
Project Overview
The IP pipeline is supposed to bring natural gas from Iran’s South Pars gas field to Pakistan. The pipeline is around 2,775 kilometers long. Iran has already built its part of the pipeline, around 900 kilometers, till the Pakistan border. Pakistan was supposed to build the rest of it, but the project has not been completed from the Pakistani side yet.
Importance for Pakistan
- Energy Supply: Pakistan faces a big shortage of natural gas, especially in winter. This pipeline can help reduce the shortage and provide cheaper gas to industries and homes.
- Industrial Growth: With more gas, factories can work better and produce more. This helps in economic growth.
- Job Creation: Construction and operation of the pipeline can create jobs for many people.
- Regional Cooperation: It improves relations with Iran and strengthens regional connectivity.
Challenges to the Project
a. US Sanctions on Iran
One of the biggest problems is the sanctions from the United States on Iran. These sanctions stop Pakistan from doing trade with Iran, especially in oil and gas. Pakistan fears that working on the pipeline could bring penalties from the US.
b. Pressure from Saudi Arabia and Gulf States
Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries are not happy with Pakistan working closely with Iran. Pakistan has strong economic and religious ties with Gulf countries, so it hesitates to upset them.
c. Financial Issues
Pakistan has faced problems in funding the project. Foreign investors are not ready to finance it due to the fear of US sanctions. Pakistan also has limited money to invest in such a huge project.
d. Security Concerns
The pipeline will pass through Balochistan, which has some security problems. Militants may target the pipeline and workers. This makes it risky to build and operate.
e. Diplomatic Balancing Act
Pakistan tries to keep a balance between Iran, the US, and Saudi Arabia. This makes it hard to move forward with the project without upsetting one of them.
Alternatives and Delays
Due to delays in the IP pipeline, Pakistan started working on other energy projects like LNG imports from Qatar and the TAPI pipeline (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India). These projects also help in gas supply but are not a replacement for IP yet.
Conclusion
The Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline is a very important project for Pakistan’s energy security. It can solve major gas problems and help in economic growth. But political, financial, and security challenges have slowed it down. If Pakistan can manage the international pressure and arrange funding, the IP pipeline can be a major step forward for energy and regional cooperation.
Question 4
How the United States is trying to keep its dominant position in the Asia-Pacific and what is the China’s response to it?
Introduction
The Asia-Pacific region is one of the most important areas in the world because of trade, security, and power politics. The United States wants to stay as the main power in this region, while China is rising very fast economically and militarily. So now both countries are competing to control the region. This competition is called the Asia-Pacific rivalry or sometimes the New Cold War.
US Strategies to Stay Dominant in Asia-Pacific
a. Military Alliances and Bases
The US has strong military presence in Asia-Pacific through its bases in Japan, South Korea, Guam, and the Philippines. It also works with allies like Australia, India, and ASEAN countries to keep balance against China.
b. Indo-Pacific Strategy
The US changed the name from “Asia-Pacific” to “Indo-Pacific” to include India as a major partner. This strategy is meant to counter China’s influence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea.
c. QUAD Alliance
The US formed a strategic group called QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) with India, Japan, and Australia. This group works on military exercises, trade, and protecting sea routes. It is clearly seen as a counter to China’s expansion.
d. Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs)
The US Navy often sails in the South China Sea to challenge China’s claims. These operations are to show that international waters should remain open.
e. Economic Pressure and Trade Wars
During the Trump administration, the US started trade wars against China by putting tariffs on Chinese products. It was an attempt to slow down China’s economy and stop unfair trade practices.
China’s Response to US Actions
a. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
China started BRI to connect Asia, Africa, and Europe through trade and infrastructure. It includes roads, railways, ports, and pipelines. CPEC is also part of BRI. This helps China build strong economic relations and increase influence.
b. South China Sea Militarization
China is building artificial islands and military bases in the South China Sea. It claims most of the sea and rejects international rulings. This helps China control major sea routes and natural resources.
c. Strengthening Military Power
China is modernizing its military very fast. It now has advanced missiles, ships, and cyber weapons. The Chinese navy is now one of the largest in the world.
d. Regional Diplomacy and Trade
China signed big trade deals like RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) with ASEAN and other countries. It also gives loans and builds projects in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
e. Soft Power and Influence
China promotes its culture and model of development. It gives scholarships, opens Confucius Institutes, and increases its media in different countries.
Impact of US-China Rivalry in Asia-Pacific
- Increased tension and arms race
- Smaller countries are stuck between US and China
- Danger of proxy conflicts or even direct war
- Competition in technology like 5G, AI, and chips
- Disruption in global trade and supply chains
Conclusion
The United States wants to maintain its leadership in Asia-Pacific through military, economic, and diplomatic power. China, on the other hand, wants to replace the US and become the top power in the region. Both sides are taking strong steps to increase influence, which has created a serious rivalry. The future of Asia-Pacific will depend on how both countries manage this competition—through cooperation or conflict.
Question 5
Critically analyze the newly established Islamic Military Alliance and its future implications for the Muslim World?
Introduction
The Islamic Military Alliance, also called Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (IMCTC), is a group of Muslim countries formed in December 2015. It was announced by Saudi Arabia and included around 41 countries. Its main goal is to fight terrorism and extremism in the Muslim world. But many people say that this alliance is more political than religious, and it may cause division among Muslim countries instead of unity.
Objectives of the Islamic Military Alliance
- Fight terrorism in all forms
- Share intelligence and military training
- Coordinate in defense and strategy
- Improve the image of Islam by showing unity against terror
- Provide support to countries facing terrorism
Structure and Leadership
- Headquarters: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- First Commander: General (R) Raheel Sharif of Pakistan
- Saudi Arabia is playing the leading role in the alliance
- It includes countries from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
Supporters of the Alliance
- Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Turkey, Pakistan, and many African countries support the alliance
- They believe it will help in stopping terrorism and bring more coordination in the Muslim world
- It also helps smaller countries get training and military help
Critics and Challenges
a. Iran’s Exclusion
One of the biggest problems is that Iran is not part of the alliance. Many people think the alliance is made to counter Iran’s influence in the region, especially in Syria, Iraq, Yemen, and Lebanon.
b. Sectarian Divide
Since mostly Sunni-majority countries are included and Shia-majority countries are left out, it can increase the Sunni-Shia divide in the Muslim world.
c. Political Motives
Critics say that this alliance is being used by Saudi Arabia for its own political interests, like its rivalry with Iran and its role in Yemen.
d. Role of Pakistan
Pakistan’s participation caused some internal debate. People were worried that Pakistan might get involved in sectarian conflicts or take sides in Middle East power politics, which can affect its relations with Iran.
e. Lack of Clear Strategy
Till now, there has been no actual military operation done by the alliance. It is not clear how it will fight terrorism or what steps will be taken.
Future Implications for the Muslim World
Positive Impacts
- Can improve security cooperation between Muslim countries
- May help in fighting terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda
- Gives Muslim countries a platform to act together without relying on Western forces
Negative Impacts
- Can divide the Muslim Ummah more by excluding some countries
- Can increase sectarian violence
- May lead to more proxy wars in countries like Yemen and Syria
- Might damage OIC’s unity and credibility
Conclusion
The Islamic Military Alliance has good aims on paper – like fighting terrorism and uniting Muslim countries. But in reality, it faces many challenges like political bias, sectarianism, and unclear strategy. For it to succeed, it must include all major Muslim countries, including Iran, and work under the umbrella of a neutral body like OIC. Only then it can bring real unity and peace in the Muslim world.
Question 6
Describe the 2017 Qatar Diplomatic Crisis and its impact on the Middle East.
Introduction
In June 2017, a major diplomatic crisis started in the Gulf region. Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt suddenly cut all diplomatic and economic ties with Qatar. They closed land borders, airspace, and sea routes. This crisis shocked the Muslim world because it showed deep divisions inside the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The situation lasted for more than three years, and it had many impacts on the Middle East.
Reasons Behind the Crisis
a. Allegations of Supporting Terrorism
Saudi Arabia and its allies accused Qatar of supporting terrorist groups like the Muslim Brotherhood, Al Jazeera promoting extremism, and having ties with groups like Hamas and Taliban.
b. Friendly Ties with Iran
Qatar had strong economic and diplomatic ties with Iran, which is the rival of Saudi Arabia. The blockading countries saw this as a threat.
c. Independent Foreign Policy
Qatar was following an independent foreign policy, which sometimes went against Saudi interests. Its support for Arab Spring movements and Al Jazeera’s bold reporting also caused tensions.
Demands by the Blockading Countries
The blockading countries gave 13 demands to Qatar, including:
- Closing Al Jazeera
- Reducing ties with Iran
- Cutting support to “terrorist” groups
- Removing Turkish military base from Qatar
Qatar rejected these demands, saying they were against its sovereignty.
Impact on Qatar
a. Economic Pressure
The blockade caused problems in imports, especially food, as Qatar depended heavily on its land border with Saudi Arabia. But Qatar quickly adapted by improving ties with Turkey, Iran, and other countries.
b. National Unity
Instead of collapsing, the crisis created strong national unity among Qataris. They supported their leadership and started making Qatar more self-reliant.
c. Strengthened Foreign Ties
Qatar improved relations with Turkey and Iran. Turkey sent troops to Qatar, and Iran allowed the use of its airspace and ports.
Impact on the Middle East
a. Division in GCC
The crisis caused deep divisions inside the Gulf Cooperation Council. It weakened the unity of the Arab world and exposed rivalries among Gulf states.
b. Rise of Turkey and Iran
Turkey and Iran took advantage of the situation by improving relations with Qatar. This reduced Saudi influence in the region.
c. US Role and Confusion
The United States was confused at first. President Trump supported the blockade, while the Pentagon and State Department wanted unity in the Gulf because of military bases in Qatar.
d. Media War and Propaganda
Both sides used media to attack each other. Al Jazeera supported Qatar’s side, while Saudi-backed media showed Qatar as a supporter of extremism.
e. Economic Shifts
Qatar developed its own industries, increased gas exports, and became stronger economically despite the pressure.
End of Crisis
The crisis finally ended in January 2021 after Saudi Arabia and Qatar agreed to reopen relations at the Al-Ula Summit. This was seen as a win for Qatar, as it didn’t agree to the 13 demands but still normalized relations.
Conclusion
The 2017 Qatar crisis was a serious event in Middle East politics. It showed how deep the rivalries are among Arab countries. Although it created many challenges for Qatar, it also made the country stronger and more independent. The crisis hurt the unity of the Muslim world and showed that political power struggles are bigger than religious or regional bonds.
Question 7
Critically examine the Donald Trump’s Policy for South Asia and its implications for Pakistan and the region.
Introduction
When Donald Trump became President of the USA in 2017, he introduced a new South Asia policy focused mainly on Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan. His policy was more aggressive than previous US administrations. It increased pressure on Pakistan and gave more importance to India. This policy had major impacts on regional politics, security, and US relations with South Asian countries.
Key Features of Trump’s South Asia Policy
a. “Do More” Approach Toward Pakistan
Trump blamed Pakistan for giving “safe havens” to terrorists like the Taliban and Haqqani Network. He demanded that Pakistan should “do more” against terrorism or face consequences.
b. Promotion of India as Regional Power
Trump called India a major defense partner and wanted India to play a bigger role in Afghanistan. This was seen as a direct shift of US support from Pakistan to India.
c. Focus on Winning in Afghanistan
Trump increased US troops in Afghanistan and gave more freedom to the military. His goal was to “win” the war instead of withdrawing quickly.
d. Suspension of Military Aid to Pakistan
In 2018, the US suspended $1.3 billion in security aid to Pakistan, accusing it of not taking action against terrorist groups.
e. “America First” Policy
Trump’s overall foreign policy focused on US interests only. He was less interested in nation-building or long-term development in the region.
Implications for Pakistan
a. Strained US-Pakistan Relations
Due to the harsh tone and suspension of aid, ties between Washington and Islamabad became very cold. Mutual trust was badly affected.
b. Shift Towards China and Russia
As relations with the US declined, Pakistan moved closer to China, especially through CPEC, and also improved ties with Russia.
c. Role in Afghan Peace Process
Even though Trump criticized Pakistan, he later realized Pakistan’s importance for peace in Afghanistan. Pakistan helped bring the Taliban to the negotiation table, which led to the US-Taliban peace deal in 2020.
d. Economic Pressure
Due to the aid cut and pressure from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Pakistan had to take more steps against money laundering and terrorism financing.
Implications for the Region
a. Rise of India
India gained more political and military support from the US. This increased India’s confidence and influence in the region.
b. Pakistan-India Tensions
The Trump policy tilted toward India, which created more tension between Pakistan and India, especially after Pulwama attack in 2019.
c. Impact on Afghanistan
Trump’s policy failed to bring real peace in Afghanistan. Though a deal was signed with the Taliban, violence continued. Eventually, the next administration had to handle the US withdrawal.
d. Regional Polarization
Countries started taking sides. Pakistan aligned with China, while India moved closer to the US. This increased the geopolitical rivalry in South Asia.
Critical Analysis
- The Trump policy was imbalanced and ignored Pakistan’s sacrifices in the war on terror.
- It created more mistrust between Pakistan and the US.
- The policy focused too much on military solutions and ignored long-term peacebuilding.
- Later, the US realized that Pakistan was still important for peace in Afghanistan.
Conclusion
Trump’s South Asia policy created more challenges than solutions. It increased the US tilt toward India and pressured Pakistan without fully understanding regional realities. Although Pakistan faced difficulties, it managed to improve ties with other powers like China and played a key role in the Afghan peace process. In the end, Trump’s tough policy did not bring lasting peace or stability to South Asia.
Question 8
What are the opportunities and challenges for Pakistan as one of the new members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)?
Introduction
Pakistan became a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in 2017, along with India. The SCO is a political, economic, and security organization led by China and Russia. It includes countries like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The main goals of SCO are regional peace, economic cooperation, and fighting terrorism. For Pakistan, this membership brings many opportunities but also some challenges.
Opportunities for Pakistan
a. Stronger Ties with China and Russia
SCO gives Pakistan a chance to build closer ties with China and Russia, two global powers. This helps Pakistan balance its foreign policy, especially after tensions with the US.
b. Regional Connectivity and Trade
Pakistan can use SCO to improve trade and transport links with Central Asia. Projects like CPEC and China’s Belt and Road Initiative can benefit more with SCO support.
c. Fight Against Terrorism
SCO countries cooperate in security and counter-terrorism through the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS). Pakistan can share intelligence and improve its efforts to combat terrorism.
d. Energy Cooperation
Central Asian countries have rich energy resources. Through SCO, Pakistan can get access to oil and gas from countries like Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
e. Economic and Investment Opportunities
SCO provides a platform for economic cooperation, business forums, and trade agreements. Pakistan can attract investment in sectors like infrastructure, energy, and transport.
f. Diplomatic Support
SCO can provide Pakistan with diplomatic support on global forums, especially on issues like Kashmir and regional security.
Challenges for Pakistan
a. India’s Presence in SCO
India is also a full member of SCO. This creates diplomatic problems, as both countries have tense relations. It can limit cooperation and affect consensus in meetings.
b. Regional Rivalries
Pakistan must carefully balance its relations with Russia, China, Iran, and Central Asian countries, especially when their interests clash.
c. Security Concerns
SCO focuses heavily on regional security. Pakistan needs to maintain stability at home to fully participate in SCO’s security goals. Any terrorism incident can damage its image.
d. Slow Decision-Making in SCO
SCO decisions are made by consensus. This slows down the process and may delay progress on important projects for Pakistan.
e. Economic Readiness
Pakistan’s weak economy and internal issues may stop it from taking full advantage of SCO’s trade and investment benefits.
f. Limited Role in Policy Making
As a new member, Pakistan may have less influence in decision-making compared to founding members like China and Russia.
Suggestions for Pakistan
- Use SCO to improve regional trade and energy cooperation
- Focus on counter-terrorism cooperation to improve security image
- Avoid confrontation with India in SCO forums
- Strengthen ties with Central Asian countries
- Push for more economic and transport projects under SCO support
Conclusion
SCO membership is a big opportunity for Pakistan to improve its regional and global position. It offers trade, energy, and security cooperation. But Pakistan also faces challenges like India’s presence, economic weakness, and regional politics. To gain full benefits, Pakistan must play a smart, balanced, and active role in the SCO and work on its internal stability.
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