CSS Past Paper 2019 Current Affairs Descriptive (Part 2)
CSS | Past Paper | Compulsory | 2019 | Part 2 | Descriptive
Below is the solution to PART-II (COMPULSORY) of the CSS Past Paper 2019 Current Affairs Descriptive (Part 2).
Question 2
Examine China strategic vision behind ‘The Bell and Road initiative (BRI)’ also known as One Belt One Road (OBOR).
Introduction
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also called One Belt One Road (OBOR), was launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. It is China’s biggest global development and investment strategy. The main aim is to connect Asia with Africa and Europe through land and sea routes. But behind the scene, it holds deeper economic, political, and strategic goals.
Background of BRI
BRI includes two main parts:
- The Silk Road Economic Belt (land route across Central Asia to Europe)
- The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (sea route linking China to South Asia, Africa, and Europe)
Over 140 countries have signed agreements with China under BRI. It involves big infrastructure projects like roads, railways, ports, and energy pipelines.
Strategic Vision Behind BRI
a) Economic Goals
China’s economy needs new markets. Through BRI, China wants to export its extra industrial capacity like steel, cement, and construction materials. It also helps Chinese companies go global. China also wants to develop its western underdeveloped regions (like Xinjiang) by connecting them to international markets.
b) Political and Diplomatic Aims
BRI increases China’s global political influence. By giving loans and building infrastructure in developing countries, China creates strong diplomatic relations. Many of these countries support China in international forums like the UN.
c) Geostrategic and Security Objectives
China faces pressure from the US and its allies. So, China wants to build an alternative world order. With BRI, China reduces its dependence on sea routes that can be blocked during conflict (like Malacca Strait). Land routes through Central Asia and Pakistan give safer trade paths.
d) Energy Security and Resource Access
China imports huge amounts of oil and gas. BRI gives new energy routes through Central Asia and the Middle East. For example, pipelines from Central Asia and Iran reduce risk from US Navy patrols in oceans.
Regional and Global Influence
Through BRI, China becomes the center of global trade. It challenges Western institutions like the IMF and World Bank by giving its own loans through AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank). It also builds regional influence in South Asia, Central Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Impact on Pakistan (CPEC)
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the most important part of BRI.
- It includes roads, energy projects, and Gwadar Port.
- It brings investment and infrastructure to Pakistan.
- It makes Pakistan a key player in regional trade.
But it also increases Pakistan’s debt and gives China deep influence in Pakistan’s economy and politics.
Challenges to BRI
- Debt trap accusations: Some countries like Sri Lanka and Zambia are struggling to pay back Chinese loans.
- Security issues: Projects in unstable regions like Pakistan and Afghanistan face terror threats.
- Western criticism: US and EU accuse China of using BRI for political control.
- Transparency issues: Many BRI projects lack open bidding and create corruption.
Conclusion
BRI is not just an economic project. It is China’s long-term plan to become a global superpower. Through roads and railways, China is building influence across the world. While BRI brings development, it also brings new power dynamics and challenges, especially for developing countries. The world is watching carefully how China uses this project in the coming years.
Question 3
Elaborate the reasons and impacts on Doland Trump withdrawal from climate change Paris agreement in 2015.
Introduction
The Paris Climate Agreement was signed in 2015 by almost every country in the world to fight global warming. But in June 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that America will withdraw from this deal. This decision shocked the world and had major global consequences.
What is the Paris Agreement?
The Paris Agreement is a global deal under the UN. It aims to keep the global temperature rise below 2°C, and preferably to 1.5°C. Countries submitted their climate action plans called “Nationally Determined Contributions” (NDCs). It is not legally binding, but it shows global unity for a common climate goal.
Reasons for U.S. Withdrawal Under Trump
a) Economic Concerns
Trump said the Paris Agreement was unfair to the U.S. economy. He believed it would cost America millions of jobs, especially in coal and oil industries. He said other countries like China and India were allowed to pollute more while America had to reduce emissions.
b) Job Protection
Trump was focused on reviving traditional American industries like coal mining. He said staying in the Paris deal would harm American workers and industries.
c) Energy Policy Shift
Trump believed in energy independence through local oil, gas, and coal. He did not support renewable energy as much. The climate deal was seen as a roadblock to U.S. energy development.
d) Nationalist and Anti-Globalization Views
Trump’s policy was “America First”. He believed global agreements reduced U.S. sovereignty. He wanted to avoid international deals that, in his view, gave more control to foreign bodies.
Impacts of Withdrawal
a) On Global Climate Efforts
The U.S. is the second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Without the U.S., the Paris deal lost a key player. It created doubts about the future of climate action and slowed down momentum.
b) On U.S. International Image
The withdrawal damaged America’s image as a global leader. Many allies criticized the move. Countries like France and Germany said they will not renegotiate the deal.
c) On Environment
Less commitment from the U.S. meant more emissions. It gave a message that big polluters could walk away without responsibility.
d) On Developing Countries
The U.S. had promised billions in climate finance to poor countries for clean energy and disaster protection. Withdrawal affected this funding. Developing countries suffered more due to climate change.
Reaction from Global Community
World leaders, scientists, and environmental groups condemned the decision. EU, China, and other countries decided to stay committed. Some U.S. states like California and New York formed their own climate alliances to continue working on emissions.
Rejoining Under Joe Biden (Brief Mention)
Although Trump officially exited the deal in November 2020, the new President Joe Biden rejoined the Paris Agreement in early 2021. This shows how U.S. climate policy can shift with leadership.
Conclusion
Trump’s decision to leave the Paris Agreement was based on economic and political views. But it had serious global consequences. It slowed down the global fight against climate change and weakened trust in international cooperation. Climate change is a global issue, and without unity, the future of the planet is at risk.
Question 4
What will be the reason of emerging water conflict between Pakistan and Afghanistan?
Introduction
Water is becoming one of the biggest issues in the world, especially in South Asia. Both Pakistan and Afghanistan are facing water shortages. In the future, a conflict over shared rivers may emerge between these two neighbors if the issue is not handled wisely.
Importance of Water in Pakistan and Afghanistan
Both countries are dependent on agriculture, and water is the lifeline of their economies. Pakistan is already a water-stressed country. Afghanistan is also facing water problems due to weak infrastructure and rising demand.
Rivers Connecting Both Countries
The main river between Afghanistan and Pakistan is the Kabul River. It starts from Afghanistan and enters Pakistan through Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Some small rivers and tributaries also flow from Afghanistan to Pakistan.
Main Reasons of Water Conflict
a) Lack of Water Treaty
Unlike the Indus Water Treaty with India, Pakistan and Afghanistan don’t have any water-sharing agreement. This creates confusion and mistrust. Without a proper legal framework, both countries act in their own interest.
b) Construction of Dams by Afghanistan
Afghanistan has started building dams on the Kabul River, like Shahtoot Dam (with Indian help). These dams reduce the flow of water entering Pakistan, especially in dry seasons. Pakistan fears this will damage its agriculture and environment.
c) Decrease in River Flow to Pakistan
If more dams are built in Afghanistan, the flow of water to Pakistan will reduce. This can affect irrigation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and other areas. It may also lead to tension among the provinces within Pakistan.
d) Climate Change and Drought
Due to climate change, glaciers are melting, and rainfall is becoming unpredictable. Droughts are increasing in both countries. This makes water a more precious and limited resource, increasing the chances of conflict.
e) Rapid Population Growth
Both countries have fast-growing populations. More people mean more demand for water in homes, farms, and factories. Limited water supply and high demand make the situation worse.
f) Political Tensions and Distrust
Pakistan and Afghanistan already have a history of political tension. Issues like border disputes, terrorism, and refugee crises create mistrust. In such an environment, water conflict becomes harder to solve peacefully.
Impacts of the Conflict
If the water issue is not solved, it can lead to serious consequences:
- Damage to agriculture and food security
- Increase in poverty and unemployment
- Tensions between provinces
- Diplomatic crisis or even military confrontation
Way Forward
To avoid conflict, both countries must:
- Sign a water-sharing treaty
- Use satellite and scientific data to manage water
- Build joint water management systems
- Involve neutral international bodies for mediation
- Promote cooperation instead of competition
Conclusion
Water is now a security issue in South Asia. The Kabul River can become a reason for conflict or a path for cooperation. It depends on how wisely both Pakistan and Afghanistan handle it. If they act early, share resources fairly, and work together, they can avoid a major crisis in future.
Question 5
Give a critical review of Pakistan Energy Policy 2013 – 2018.
Introduction
Pakistan has faced serious energy problems for many years. Long hours of load-shedding, low industrial production, and public frustration made energy crisis a national issue. To fix this, the government introduced the Pakistan Energy Policy 2013–2018 during PML-N government. The main focus was to solve power shortage and improve efficiency.
Background of Energy Crisis in Pakistan
Before 2013, Pakistan was facing a shortfall of around 5,000 to 7,000 MW. The circular debt had reached Rs. 480 billion. Industries were shutting down, and people were protesting due to load-shedding. Energy theft and line losses were also common.
Key Goals of Energy Policy 2013–2018
- To eliminate load-shedding
- To reduce the cost of electricity
- To attract investment in power sector
- To increase share of renewable energy
- To fix transmission and distribution losses
Main Features of the Policy
a) Focus on Power Generation
The policy aimed to add 25,000 MW by 2025. Many new projects were launched under CPEC, especially coal and hydropower plants like Sahiwal Coal Plant and Neelum-Jhelum.
b) Diversification of Energy Mix
Pakistan was depending mostly on expensive furnace oil. The policy shifted towards coal, gas, nuclear, and renewables. LNG terminals were built to import gas.
c) Investment and Private Sector Involvement
Private companies were encouraged to invest in power generation. Incentives like guaranteed returns and fast approvals were given to investors.
d) Reduction of Circular Debt
The government cleared Rs. 480 billion circular debts in 2013 to improve flow in the system.
e) Institutional Reforms
Steps were taken to improve the working of NEPRA and DISCOs (Distribution Companies). Energy Ministry was also reorganized for better coordination.
Achievements of the Policy
- Around 12,000 MW electricity was added between 2013–2018.
- Load-shedding reduced in major cities.
- LNG import helped industries run smoothly.
- Many CPEC power projects were completed on time.
- Shift towards coal and hydro helped lower generation cost.
Criticism and Shortcomings
a) Over-Reliance on Imported Fuels
Too much focus on imported LNG and coal increased dependence on foreign sources.
b) Ignored Renewable Energy
Very little attention was given to solar and wind energy, which are cheap and clean.
c) Circular Debt Reappeared
Despite clearing debt in 2013, circular debt again rose to Rs. 1,200 billion by 2018. It showed weak reforms.
d) Poor Transmission System
New power plants were made, but the transmission lines were not upgraded properly. This caused line losses and wastage.
e) Environmental Concerns
New coal projects raised concerns about pollution and climate change.
Suggestions for Future
- Focus more on renewable energy
- Modernize transmission and distribution system
- Improve governance and anti-theft measures
- Work on energy storage technologies
- Make a long-term National Energy Plan
Conclusion
The Energy Policy 2013–2018 brought some positive change by reducing load-shedding and adding new power plants. But it failed to solve deep-rooted problems like circular debt, poor governance, and over-dependence on imported fuels. Pakistan needs a sustainable and clean energy policy for long-term success.
Question 6
How can the corruption elimination strategy be made part of governance system of Pakistan?
Introduction
Corruption is one of the biggest problems in Pakistan. It weakens the economy, destroys institutions, and creates injustice. If Pakistan wants progress, it must include corruption elimination strategy in its governance system permanently.
Corruption in Pakistan – A Serious Problem
Pakistan has been ranked poorly in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index. Bribes, nepotism, favoritism, and misuse of public funds are common in many government departments. Corruption is found in police, judiciary, education, health, and even in law-making.
Effects of Corruption on Governance
- Bad Service Delivery: Public services like health, water, electricity suffer.
- Loss of Trust: People lose faith in government.
- Weak Economy: Investors avoid corrupt countries.
- Unfair System: Honest people are ignored while corrupt ones rise.
Why Past Anti-Corruption Efforts Failed?
- Selective accountability for political revenge
- Weak laws and poor implementation
- Political interference in accountability bodies
- No protection for whistleblowers
- Lack of public participation
How to Integrate Anti-Corruption Strategy into Governance?
a) Strong Legal Reforms
Laws should be clear and strict. Loopholes in accountability laws should be closed. Punishment must be quick and fair.
b) Strengthening Institutions like NAB
Accountability institutions should work independently, without any political pressure. NAB, FIA, and anti-corruption departments must be given more powers and resources.
c) E-Governance and Digital Systems
Online systems reduce human contact, which reduces bribes. For example, online tax payment, land records, and license systems reduce corruption chances.
d) Transparent Hiring and Promotions
Jobs should be given on merit, not sifarish. All recruitments in government must be done through competitive exams and tests.
e) Whistleblower Protection
People who report corruption should be protected. A strong law must be made so whistleblowers are safe from revenge.
f) Judicial Reforms
Courts should handle corruption cases quickly. Special anti-corruption courts can speed up the process.
g) Public Awareness and Education
Anti-corruption campaigns in schools, colleges, and media can change the public mindset. People should be encouraged to say no to bribes.
Role of Civil Society and Media
Civil society and media can play a big role by highlighting corrupt practices. Investigative journalism and social media pressure help expose corruption. NGOs can also run awareness programs.
Challenges in Implementation
- Political resistance
- Powerful people involved in corruption
- Weak enforcement of laws
- Fear among public to speak up
- Lack of coordination among institutions
Conclusion
Corruption is like a disease in Pakistan’s governance system. To eliminate it, anti-corruption strategies must not be temporary campaigns. Instead, they should be a permanent part of the system. This needs honest leadership, strong laws, independent institutions, and active public participation. Only then can Pakistan move towards clean and just governance.
Question 7
How can the governing structure have the capacity to neutralize threats to internal security of Pakistan?
Introduction
Internal security is very important for peace and development in any country. In Pakistan, internal threats like terrorism, sectarian violence, extremism, and separatist movements have created serious problems. The governing structure needs strong reforms to deal with these challenges effectively.
Understanding Internal Security Threats
Pakistan faces many internal threats such as:
- Terrorism from groups like TTP and ISIS
- Extremism and religious intolerance
- Separatist movements in Balochistan
- Sectarian violence
- Cyber threats and fake news
- Smuggling and drug trafficking
These threats not only harm people but also damage the image of Pakistan globally.
Weaknesses in Current Governance Structure
- Poor coordination among intelligence agencies
- Weak law enforcement and outdated policing system
- Political interference in security matters
- Slow judicial process and weak punishment
- Lack of modern technology and resources
Key Reforms Needed to Strengthen Capacity
a) Intelligence Coordination
There must be better coordination between ISI, IB, FIA, MI, and provincial agencies. A central intelligence-sharing platform should be created to avoid confusion and improve action.
b) Police and Law Enforcement Reforms
Police need better training, modern weapons, and independent functioning. Police stations should be depoliticized and professional. Counter-terror units should be made stronger in every province.
c) Border Management
Pakistan’s borders with Afghanistan and Iran are used by terrorists and smugglers. Proper fencing, surveillance cameras, and biometric systems should be used to control illegal movement.
d) Judicial Reforms
Terrorism and security cases should be handled in special speedy trial courts. Witness protection programs are also needed to ensure fair trials.
e) Counter-Terrorism Strategy
National Action Plan (NAP) must be fully implemented. Religious seminaries should be monitored and hate speech should be strictly banned. Terrorist financing must be stopped through banking checks.
f) Education and De-radicalization Programs
Young people must be educated in a way that promotes peace and tolerance. Religious education should be balanced and free from hate. Rehabilitation centers for ex-militants can help reduce extremism.
g) Role of Technology in Security
Use of CCTV, data analysis, cyber monitoring, and drone surveillance can improve internal security. Smart policing and digital monitoring are important tools in modern governance.
Role of Civil-Military Coordination
Both civil and military institutions must work together without competition. Security cannot improve without trust and cooperation between them.
Importance of Good Governance
Good governance means justice, equality, and development. When people feel included and respected, they are less likely to join extremist groups. Ending corruption, poverty, and injustice is also part of improving security.
Challenges in Implementation
- Resistance from political and religious groups
- Lack of funds and training
- Poor coordination between provinces and federal government
- Lack of political will
Conclusion
Pakistan’s internal security challenges are serious, but not impossible to defeat. The key is to improve the capacity of governance through reforms, coordination, and modern tools. Without a strong, honest, and efficient governing system, peace cannot be achieved. A secure Pakistan needs not just strong arms, but also smart minds and fair systems.
Question 8
Discuss instrument of techniques of Hybrid warfare in context to Pakistanes.
Introduction
Modern wars are no longer fought only with guns and bombs. Enemies now use Hybrid Warfare, which includes both military and non-military tactics. Pakistan is also facing this kind of warfare, especially from hostile neighbors and anti-state elements.
What is Hybrid Warfare?
Hybrid warfare is a mix of traditional warfare with modern tools like fake news, cyber-attacks, economic sabotage, and use of proxies. It confuses the enemy and attacks the state from inside and outside at the same time, without even declaring war.
Key Instruments/Techniques of Hybrid Warfare
a) Disinformation and Propaganda
False news, fake videos, and rumors are spread to create fear, confusion, and divide among people. Social media is the main tool used to run such campaigns.
b) Cyber Attacks
Hacking of government websites, stealing data, and attacking critical digital systems are common tactics. Cyber-attacks can target banks, media, and defense institutions.
c) Economic Pressure
Enemies try to weaken Pakistan’s economy by creating instability, hurting exports, and spreading fear in investors.
d) Proxy Wars and Militants
Using non-state actors and terrorist groups to create chaos, especially in areas like Balochistan and former FATA.
e) Diplomatic Isolation
Efforts to damage Pakistan’s image in the world by linking it with terrorism and trying to isolate it at international forums like FATF and UN.
f) Psychological Warfare
Creating panic through fear-based messages, videos, and fake alerts to break public confidence and weaken national unity.
g) Lawfare
Using legal platforms, international courts, and human rights forums to pressurize Pakistan, like raising false human rights cases against security forces.
Hybrid Warfare Against Pakistan (Examples)
- India’s propaganda through media like ANI and fake think tanks to spread lies about Pakistan.
- EU DisinfoLab Report (2020) exposed fake news networks targeting Pakistan.
- Cyber-attacks on government websites and banks.
- Fake videos and news during conflicts like Balakot and Pulwama.
- Supporting Baloch separatists and TTP through foreign funding.
Impacts on Pakistan
- Damage to national unity
- Increase in sectarian and ethnic tensions
- Harm to economy and foreign investment
- Public confusion and mistrust in institutions
- Pressure on armed forces and government
How Pakistan Can Respond?
a) Strong Cyber Security Policy
Pakistan must build its own cyber army to protect digital systems and stop fake news.
b) Media Regulation and Counter-Narrative
Promote truth-based content. Use media and social platforms to counter enemy propaganda.
c) Strengthen National Unity
Education, equality, and justice are key to keeping people united and safe from enemy influence.
d) Diplomatic Efforts
Expose hybrid warfare tactics at international level, just like Pakistan did with EU DisinfoLab.
e) Intelligence and Surveillance
Improve internal security, trace foreign funding to terrorist groups, and take quick action.
Conclusion
Hybrid warfare is a silent but dangerous war that Pakistan is already facing. It is not just a military challenge, but also a political, economic, and social threat. To win this war, Pakistan must become smarter, more united, and better prepared in every field – from cyber defense to education and diplomacy.
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