CSS Past Paper 2022 British History Descriptive (Part 2)
CSS | Past Paper | Group 4 | 2022 | Part 2 | Descriptive
Below is the solution to PART-II (COMPULSORY) of the CSS Past Paper 2022 British History Descriptive (Part 2).
Question 2
The domestic of Gladstone was the climax of liberalism during the 19th century. Discuss and analyze.
Introduction
William Ewart Gladstone was a key figure in British politics during the 19th century. He was the leader of the Liberal Party and served four times as Prime Minister. His domestic policies are often seen as the peak of liberalism, because they were focused on justice, equality, merit, and reducing the power of elite classes. His reforms touched many areas like education, civil service, voting, and economy.
What is 19th Century Liberalism?
Before we understand Gladstone’s policies, we need to understand what liberalism meant at that time. It was about:
- Freedom of individuals
- Equal rights under law
- Less interference of government in personal matters
- Free trade and open competition
- Peace and justice for all classes
Gladstone believed in all these ideas and tried to apply them in real life.
Education Reforms (For a Fair Society)
In 1870, Gladstone’s government passed the Education Act. It made basic schooling available to all children, especially the poor working class. For the first time, the government took responsibility for education.
This was a liberal idea—to give equal opportunity to everyone, not just the rich. It helped reduce illiteracy and gave poor children a better future.
Civil Service Reform (Jobs on Merit)
Before Gladstone, government jobs were given to people based on family or political connections. Gladstone ended that by introducing competitive exams for civil service.
Now, people had to earn their positions based on merit. This was a clear example of liberalism, where talent matters more than background.
Ballot Act 1872 (Protection of Voters)
Another major reform was the Ballot Act of 1872, which introduced secret voting in elections. Before this act, voting was public, and landlords or bosses could threaten or bribe people to vote a certain way.
Secret voting protected democracy and gave voters real freedom, a core part of liberal values.
Trade Union Act 1871 (Rights for Workers)
Gladstone passed the Trade Union Act, which legalized trade unions. This allowed workers to come together and fight for their rights, like better wages and working conditions.
This was a bold liberal step, supporting the rights of common people and recognizing their voice in the system.
Irish Church Act 1869 and Irish Land Act
Gladstone also focused on Ireland, where many people (mainly Catholic) were treated unfairly.
- The Irish Church Act 1869 removed the special status of the Anglican Church in Ireland, giving religious equality.
- The Irish Land Act gave better rights to Irish farmers who were badly treated by landowners.
These policies showed Gladstone’s belief in justice and fairness, even for minority groups.
Army Reforms
Gladstone supported reforms in the army by ending the system where rich people could buy officer ranks. Now, promotions were based on skill and service. This made the army more professional and fairer.
Again, this was liberalism in action—removing class privileges and promoting equal chances.
Financial Reforms
He also made financial policies that reduced taxes and government waste. He believed in free trade and wanted to reduce barriers in the economy. He lowered income taxes and promoted balanced budgets.
This supported economic liberalism, where the market was free, and the government stayed small and efficient.
Criticism of Gladstone
Some people say that Gladstone was too focused on morality and principle, and sometimes ignored political reality. His policies didn’t always benefit industrial workers or the very poor directly. But overall, he created a system where fairness was more important than class or wealth.
Conclusion
Gladstone’s domestic policies were truly the climax of 19th-century liberalism. He focused on education, justice, merit-based systems, democracy, and equality. He reduced the power of elites and gave voice to common people. His reforms laid the base for modern British democracy and made the government more honest, fair, and efficient. Though not perfect, his work remains a golden chapter in liberal politics.
Question 3
“A glorious success until 1761 and then failure”. Do you agree with this estimate of the career of Chat Ham?
Introduction
Regarding William Pitt the Elder, better known as the Earl of Chatham, I do agree with this statement for the most part. He had many notable achievements in his early political career, particularly in the areas of foreign policy and war leadership. But after 1761, he experienced failure, confusion, and a decline in his career. Therefore, it is reasonable to split his career into two phases: success prior to 1761 and failure following.
Introduction to Chatham
William Pitt the Elder was one of the most powerful British politicians in the 18th century. He was famous for his strong speeches and leadership, especially during the Seven Years’ War. He had great influence in both Parliament and among the common people. He was called the “Great Commoner” because he didn’t come from nobility.
Glorious Success Before 1761
a) Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
Pitt’s biggest success was during the Seven Years’ War. He planned brilliant military strategies that helped Britain defeat France in different parts of the world. He focused on expanding British power globally.
- Britain captured Canada from the French.
- They also took key territories in India, like Bengal.
- British navy became very powerful under his leadership.
These victories helped Britain become a major global empire.
b) Colonial Expansion
Under Pitt’s guidance, the British Empire expanded a lot. He supported colonists in North America and protected British trade routes. His policies increased wealth and international respect for Britain.
c) Strong Leadership
Pitt was known for his boldness and clear vision. He knew how to inspire both Parliament and the people. Even King George II respected his abilities. He chose the right generals and focused British resources where they mattered most.
So, all this made him a hero in the eyes of many people. That’s why the period till 1761 is called his “glorious success”.
Fall and Failure After 1761
a) Resignation and Political Isolation
Pitt resigned in 1761 over disagreement with the Cabinet about going to war with Spain. After that, he became politically isolated. His influence in Parliament decreased, and he lost control over major policies.
b) Return as Lord Chatham (1766)
He came back in 1766 as Lord Chatham and became Prime Minister again. But now things were different. He had poor health and mental issues. He couldn’t manage the Cabinet properly. He often stayed away from Parliament for long periods.
c) Failure to Handle American Crisis
During this time, Britain was facing problems with American colonies. Pitt failed to solve the crisis or suggest strong policies. His leadership was confused and weak. He lost support even among his own party.
d) Loss of Popularity
People once loved him for his earlier achievements, but now they saw him as out of touch. His speeches had lost their power, and his health kept him away from politics. His later years were a shadow of his earlier glory.
Final Years
Pitt died in 1778. Though he made one final speech in the House of Lords warning against war with America, his role in shaping British policy had ended long before that. He became more of a symbol than a real leader in his later years.
Conclusion
The statement is mostly true. Before 1761, Pitt was a great success—winning wars, expanding the empire, and earning the love of the people. But after 1761, his career went downhill due to health issues, poor political decisions, and changing times. His failure was not because of one mistake, but because he could not adjust to new challenges. So, yes, his career was a “glorious success until 1761 and then failure”.
Question 4
Discuss the rise of Labour Party in Britain and enumerate the achievements of this party.
Introduction
The Labour Party is one of the most important political parties in modern British history. It rose during the late 19th and early 20th century to represent the working class. Before Labour, politics was dominated by the Conservatives and Liberals, who mostly focused on the interests of the upper and middle classes. But with industrialization, trade union growth, and social change, the Labour Party was born to fight for workers’ rights, social justice, and economic equality.
Background of Labour Party’s Rise
a) Industrial Revolution and Workers’ Problems
The Industrial Revolution created a new working class that faced low wages, poor housing, and long working hours. They had no voice in Parliament, and both major parties failed to help them properly.
b) Role of Trade Unions
Trade unions were getting stronger and started demanding political representation. In 1900, they formed the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), which later became the Labour Party in 1906.
c) Support from Fabian Society
The Fabian Society, made up of middle-class socialists and intellectuals, gave Labour strong ideological backing. They believed in gradual reform, not violent revolution.
Growth of the Labour Party
- In 1906, Labour won 29 seats in Parliament.
- In 1924, Labour formed its first government under Ramsay MacDonald, though it lasted only a few months.
- In 1945, Labour achieved a landslide victory under Clement Attlee and formed a strong government with major reforms.
- Labour alternated in power with the Conservatives throughout the 20th century.
Achievements of the Labour Party
a) Welfare State and National Health Service (NHS)
After World War II, the Labour government created the Welfare State. This included:
- The NHS (1948): Free health services for all.
- Social security and pensions for the old, unemployed, and poor.
- Free education and better housing policies.
These policies aimed to remove poverty and support equality — major goals of Labour.
b) Nationalization of Key Industries
Labour nationalized important industries like:
- Coal
- Steel
- Railways
- Electricity
The idea was that key sectors should serve public interest, not private profit.
c) Minimum Wage and Workers’ Rights
Labour introduced laws for:
- Minimum wage (1998 under Tony Blair)
- Paid holidays
- Safer working conditions
- Support for trade unions
These policies gave the working class more dignity and protection.
d) Modern Reforms – “New Labour”
Under Tony Blair (1997–2007), Labour became more centrist. “New Labour” focused on:
- Economic stability with capitalism and social justice combined.
- Reforms in health and education sectors.
- Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
Though Blair faced criticism for the Iraq War, his government brought many domestic improvements.
Challenges and Criticism
- Some say Labour moved away from its socialist roots under New Labour.
- Others think they failed to fully control economic inequality and housing problems.
- Still, Labour made important social reforms that improved life for millions.
Conclusion
The rise of the Labour Party was a result of changing British society, especially after the Industrial Revolution. Labour gave a political voice to the working class and changed British politics forever. From creating the Welfare State and NHS, to improving workers’ rights and fighting for social equality, Labour’s achievements shaped modern Britain. Even today, the Labour Party continues to be a major force for progressive change in the country.
Question 5
Estimate the influence of French Revolution on English Society and Political thought.
Introduction
The French Revolution (1789) was one of the biggest events in European history. It didn’t just change France, but also had deep effects on England’s society and political thought. While no revolution happened in England like in France, the ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy spread quickly and influenced the British people, thinkers, and politicians.
Fear and Reaction in England
At first, the upper class in Britain became scared after watching what happened in France. The execution of King Louis XVI, the violence, and chaos made the British ruling class nervous. They feared a similar revolution could happen in England.
Because of this, the government became strict. Prime Minister Pitt the Younger passed laws to stop radical ideas. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended, and people who supported revolution could be arrested. This shows that the French Revolution had a direct impact on English politics.
Growth of Political Awareness
Even though the government tried to stop revolutionary ideas, people in England became more politically aware. Common people started reading newspapers and pamphlets. They began to question the power of the king and the rich.
Many radical thinkers like Thomas Paine supported the French Revolution. His book “The Rights of Man” became very popular in Britain. He argued for democracy, equal rights, and against monarchy. These ideas inspired many working-class people.
Impact on Reform Movements
The French Revolution gave energy to reform movements in Britain.
- People started demanding parliamentary reforms.
- There were calls to end rotten boroughs and give the vote to common people.
- Movements like Chartism in the 1830s and 40s were influenced by revolutionary ideas of equality and justice.
Although Britain didn’t have a full revolution, these reforms slowly changed the political system.
Literature and Intellectual Thought
The French Revolution also had a big influence on British writers and poets.
- William Wordsworth first supported the Revolution and believed it would bring freedom and happiness. But later he became disappointed by the violence.
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Percy Bysshe Shelley also supported revolutionary ideals.
- Edmund Burke, on the other hand, strongly criticized the revolution in his book “Reflections on the Revolution in France”. He supported gradual change, not violent revolution.
This shows how deeply the revolution divided English thinkers and writers.
Effect on Society and Class
The Revolution made many in Britain start thinking about class differences. People began to question why the rich had so much power and land while the poor suffered.
- There was more sympathy for the poor.
- Some groups like the working class and middle class began demanding better conditions.
- The Industrial Revolution was also happening during this time, and the French ideas added fuel to the demand for better treatment of workers.
Long-Term Political Changes
In the long run, the French Revolution pushed Britain toward democracy—but slowly. It created fear among the elite, but also pressure to change. Because of that, several important acts were passed:
- Reform Act 1832 – gave voting rights to middle-class men.
- Reform Act 1867 and 1884 – extended voting rights further.
- These changes were influenced by the idea that ignoring people’s rights could lead to unrest, like in France.
Conclusion
The French Revolution had a strong and mixed influence on English society and political thought. It brought fear to the upper class but also hope to the lower class. It gave rise to new ideas about democracy, freedom, and equality. Though Britain didn’t have a violent revolution, it went through many political and social reforms influenced by what happened in France. In short, the revolution shook all of Europe, and England was no exception.
Question 6
Explain the genesis of Falkland war. How has it affected the Britain’s relationship with Latin American countries?
Introduction
The Falkland War was a short but intense conflict between Britain and Argentina in 1982. It was fought over the control of the Falkland Islands, which are located in the South Atlantic Ocean. The war lasted for around 10 weeks, but its roots go deep into history. The war not only affected UK-Argentina ties, but also changed Britain’s relationship with other Latin American countries.
Genesis of the Falkland War (Causes)
a) Historical Dispute Over the Islands
The main reason behind the war was the territorial dispute. Both Britain and Argentina claimed ownership of the Falkland Islands (known as Islas Malvinas in Argentina).
- Britain had controlled the islands since 1833.
- Argentina always considered them as part of its territory and believed they were taken by force.
This long-standing issue remained unsolved for years.
b) Argentina’s Domestic Problems
In the early 1980s, Argentina was under military dictatorship. The country was facing economic crisis, unemployment, and protests. The government wanted to distract people by focusing on nationalism. So, taking back the Falklands seemed like a good way to unite the country.
c) British Neglect
The UK had shown little interest in the islands in the 1970s. Some believed that Britain might be willing to negotiate or even hand over the islands under some agreement. Argentina took this as a sign of weakness.
d) Invasion by Argentina
On 2nd April 1982, Argentine forces invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands. Britain, under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, responded quickly and sent a naval task force to take them back.
The War
- The British task force sailed thousands of miles and engaged in air, sea, and land battles.
- After heavy fighting and the loss of ships and lives on both sides, Britain recaptured the islands on 14th June 1982.
- The war ended with a British victory, and the islands remained under UK control.
Impact on Britain–Latin America Relations
a) Strained Relations with Argentina
After the war, diplomatic ties between Britain and Argentina were broken. There was a lot of anger and mistrust. Relations remained cold for many years and full diplomatic relations were not restored until 1990.
b) Latin American Support for Argentina
Most Latin American countries supported Argentina during the war, due to regional unity and anti-colonial feelings. They saw the UK as a colonial power defending old empire interests. This created tension between Britain and many Latin American governments.
c) Break in Military and Economic Ties
Several Latin American countries cut off military and economic cooperation with the UK during and after the war. Britain faced diplomatic isolation in the region.
d) Changes in British Policy
After the war, Britain focused on strengthening its military presence in the Falklands and also improving diplomatic engagement with other Latin American nations to reduce tensions.
e) Long-Term Effects
- Argentina still claims the Falklands and raises the issue in international forums.
- The war left a bitter memory, and though relations have improved, the sovereignty dispute remains unresolved.
- Other Latin American countries became more cautious in dealing with Britain on political matters, especially related to colonial history.
Conclusion
The Falkland War started from a historic territorial conflict but was fuelled by political weakness and misjudgements on both sides. It damaged Britain’s image in Latin America, where many countries saw the UK as defending colonial power. Though Britain won the war, it paid the price in terms of regional isolation and strained diplomacy. Even today, the issue of the Falklands continues to affect Britain’s relationship with Argentina and keeps influencing its ties with Latin America.
Question 7
Discuss Winston Churchill as a statesman, warrior and a man of letters.
Introduction
Winston Churchill is one of the most famous figures in modern British history. He was not just a political leader but also a brave soldier, a great wartime Prime Minister, and a gifted writer. His life and career were full of achievements in many different areas. That’s why people call him a statesman, warrior, and man of letters.
Churchill as a Statesman
a) Political Career
Churchill’s political career lasted over 60 years. He served in different political parties, including both the Conservative and Liberal Party. He became Prime Minister twice: from 1940–1945 and again from 1951–1955.
b) World War II Leadership
His greatest achievement as a statesman was during World War II. When Europe was falling to Hitler, Churchill gave strong and brave leadership. His speeches gave hope to the British people when things were very dark. His famous line, “We shall fight on the beaches…” is still remembered.
c) International Relations
Churchill built close relations with Roosevelt (USA) and Stalin (USSR), forming the Allied powers. He played a major role in planning war strategy and post-war peace. He also warned about the Soviet threat in his famous “Iron Curtain” speech, which started the idea of the Cold War.
d) Post-War Policies
Even though he lost the 1945 election, he came back to power in 1951. His second term was calmer, and he focused on foreign policy, the empire, and building peace in Europe.
Churchill as a Warrior
a) Military Background
Before becoming a full-time politician, Churchill served as a soldier. He fought in:
- India (British campaigns in the North-West)
- Sudan (Battle of Omdurman)
- South Africa (Second Boer War)
He also worked as a war correspondent, writing about what he saw. His early fame came from his bravery in war and his reporting.
b) World War I Role
During World War I, he served as First Lord of the Admiralty. He helped modernize the Royal Navy. However, the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915 failed badly, and he had to resign. But he later returned to government and even fought briefly on the Western Front.
c) World War II Hero
In World War II, Churchill was the face of British resistance. He took bold decisions, refused to surrender to Hitler, and united the country in a time of crisis. His leadership in war earned him respect across the world.
Churchill as a Man of Letters
a) Author and Historian
Churchill wrote many books, including biographies, war histories, and political essays. His most famous works include:
- The Second World War (6 volumes)
- A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
- My Early Life
These books showed his deep understanding of history and politics.
b) Nobel Prize in Literature
In 1953, Churchill won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his writings and speeches. The Nobel Committee praised his “mastery of historical and biographical description” and his “brilliant oratory.”
c) Famous Speeches
Churchill’s speeches are some of the greatest in the English language. They inspired not just Britain but the whole free world. His ability to use words as weapons was one of his biggest strengths.
Conclusion
Winston Churchill was a rare personality. As a statesman, he led Britain through its darkest hour. As a warrior, he showed bravery both on the battlefield and in political battles. And as a man of letters, he used his pen to record history and inspire generations. His legacy lives on in books, speeches, and the memory of how he saved Britain in World War II.
Question 8
Write comprehensive notes on any TWO of the following:
a. Lord Kitchener
b. Suez canal crisis
c. Utilitarian
a. Lord Kitchener
Lord Herbert Kitchener was a British military commander, colonial administrator, and national icon in the late 19th and early 20th century. He became a symbol of British imperial power and strong military leadership.
Early Military Campaigns
Kitchener gained fame during the Sudan Campaign (1896–1898). His victory at the Battle of Omdurman crushed the Mahdist forces and brought Sudan under British control.
Role in Boer War
He played a key role in the Second Boer War (1899–1902). As the commander-in-chief, he used tough methods like scorched-earth tactics and concentration camps, which were effective but controversial.
Indian Reforms
As Commander-in-Chief in India (1902–1909), he reorganized the army, improved defense on the North-West Frontier, and minimized civil interference in military matters.
World War I
In 1914, he became Secretary of State for War. He organized massive recruitment efforts and created the volunteer force known as “Kitchener’s Army”. His image was used on the famous poster: “Your country needs you”.
Death and Legacy
He died in 1916 when HMS Hampshire sank. Kitchener is remembered as a brave soldier, a strict leader, and a loyal servant of the British Empire. However, his harsh war tactics still create debate.
b. Suez Canal Crisis
The Suez Canal Crisis was a major international conflict in 1956 involving Britain, France, Egypt, and Israel. It showed the decline of British and French imperial power and the rise of USA and USSR as global leaders.
Background
The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, was vital for Britain’s trade route to Asia. In 1956, Egypt’s President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal, which had been run by a British-French company. Britain and France were outraged.
Secret Plan and Invasion
Britain, France, and Israel made a secret plan:
- Israel would attack Sinai.
- Britain and France would then intervene, claiming peacekeeping.
Their real goal was to take back the canal and weaken Nasser.
Global Reaction
The invasion failed due to international pressure:
- USA opposed the action and threatened economic measures.
- USSR condemned it strongly.
- United Nations called for a ceasefire.
This forced Britain and France to withdraw in shame.
Results
- Egypt kept control of the canal.
- British PM Anthony Eden resigned.
- Britain and France lost international respect.
- The crisis marked the end of Britain’s role as a world superpower.
Importance
The Suez Crisis was a turning point in British foreign policy. It showed that Britain couldn’t act alone anymore and had to accept America’s leadership in world affairs.
c. Utilitarian
Utilitarianism is a moral and political philosophy developed in 19th-century Britain. It focuses on the idea that the best action is the one that brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number.
Key Thinkers
- Jeremy Bentham was the founder of utilitarianism. He believed that pleasure and pain were the basis of morality.
- John Stuart Mill developed Bentham’s ideas and added the importance of quality of happiness, not just quantity.
Main Ideas
- Actions should be judged by their results.
- The goal of society and law should be to maximize happiness and minimize suffering.
- Individual rights matter, but overall well-being is the top priority.
Impact on British Politics
Utilitarianism had a deep influence on British law and reform movements:
- Education reforms
- Public health laws
- Prison reforms
- Legal system modernization
It gave a rational and moral base to liberal policies.
Criticism
Some argue that utilitarianism can ignore minority rights. For example, harming a few people might be justified if it benefits many. Also, measuring happiness is not easy or exact.
Conclusion
Utilitarianism helped shape modern liberal thought in Britain. It brought logic and human concern into policymaking and had lasting effects on British society and political life.
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