CSS Past Paper 2022 Current Affairs Descriptive (Part 2)
CSS | Past Paper | Compulsory | 2022 | Part 2 | Descriptive
Below is the solution to PART-II (COMPULSORY) of the CSS Past Paper 2022 Current Affairs Descriptive (Part 2).
Question 2
Propose prospective foreign policy options for Pakistan in the wake of Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022.
Introduction
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has changed the global geopolitical landscape. It caused major tensions between Russia and the West, especially the US and EU. As a country with historical ties to both Russia and the West, Pakistan faces a complex situation. Pakistan needs to adopt a smart, balanced foreign policy that protects its national interests while avoiding taking sides in the great power rivalry.
Foreign Policy Options for Pakistan
- Adopt a Neutral and Balanced Position
- Pakistan should avoid taking sides between Russia and the West.
- Neutrality will help maintain good relations with both camps.
- Pakistan should support peaceful resolution through dialogue and diplomacy.
- Strengthen Relations with China
- China is Pakistan’s all-weather friend and also a global power.
- Strengthening China ties can help Pakistan balance pressure from the West and build economic and security support.
- Maintain Strategic Dialogue with the US and EU
- Pakistan cannot ignore the West, especially the US, which is still a major trade partner and influencer in global politics.
- Pakistan should continue to engage with the US and EU on trade, security, and regional stability.
- Enhance Ties with Russia, But Carefully
- While building energy and defense cooperation with Russia, Pakistan must be careful not to anger the West.
- Deals in oil, gas, and wheat can help Pakistan’s economy but should not violate international sanctions.
- Strengthen Role in Multilateral Forums
- Pakistan can raise its voice in the UN, OIC, and SCO for peaceful resolution of the war.
- It should promote dialogue, oppose violence, and call for protection of civilians in Ukraine.
- Focus on Economic Diplomacy
- Use the crisis to open new trade channels, especially in energy with Russia and Central Asia.
- Pakistan must diversify its markets to reduce dependency on any one bloc.
- Avoid Becoming Part of Any Military Bloc
- Pakistan should avoid getting dragged into military alliances or anti-Russia/anti-West fronts.
- Military neutrality will help in maintaining national security and global image.
- Protect National Interests First
- Pakistan must take foreign policy decisions based on its own economic, political, and security needs.
- Strategic autonomy should be the foundation of its policy.
Challenges Pakistan May Face
- Pressure from the US to Condemn Russia
- Dependence on Western Financial Institutions like IMF
- Global energy and food price inflation due to war
- Balancing Russia ties without breaking international laws
Conclusion
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has created new challenges and opportunities for Pakistan’s foreign policy. Pakistan must follow a wise, neutral, and interest-based approach. By balancing ties with global powers, avoiding military involvement, and focusing on economic diplomacy, Pakistan can protect its sovereignty and national interest in this changing world order.
Question 3
The 2021 Taliban Takeover of Afghanistan presents regional and global challenges. Elaborate the anticipated policies of the Taliban government and the regional and global response.
Introduction
In August 2021, the Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan after the withdrawal of US and NATO forces. Their quick takeover shocked the world and created many regional and global challenges. While the Taliban promised to govern differently than in the 1990s, their actions are still being watched closely. The world is concerned about human rights, terrorism, and regional instability.
Anticipated Policies of the Taliban Government
- Islamic Governance System
- Taliban have said they will follow Islamic Sharia law.
- They claim this time their rule will be more “moderate,” but actual policies remain unclear.
- Women’s Rights and Education
- Taliban promised to allow women’s education and work “within Islamic limits.”
- However, restrictions on girls’ education and women’s jobs have raised concerns globally.
- Counterterrorism Promises
- Taliban claimed they won’t allow Afghan soil to be used by terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda.
- But reports suggest groups like ISIS-K are still active in Afghanistan.
- Foreign Policy of Non-Interference
- The Taliban want peaceful relations with neighbors and the world.
- They promised not to interfere in other countries’ affairs.
- Control of Narcotics
- Taliban said they will stop poppy cultivation and drug smuggling.
- But Afghanistan has been a major source of global opium, so it remains to be seen.
- Request for Recognition and Aid
- The Taliban are asking the world to recognize their government.
- They want frozen Afghan assets to be released and foreign aid to be resumed.
Regional Response
- Pakistan
- Pakistan supported peace talks and now wants stability in Afghanistan.
- It fears terrorism from TTP and refugee flow if things go wrong.
- China
- China has shown openness to work with Taliban for regional stability and to stop ETIM (a terrorist group from Xinjiang).
- Also interested in economic projects like Belt and Road.
- Iran
- Iran is cautious due to Taliban’s past treatment of Shia minorities.
- Still, Iran wants peace to avoid more Afghan refugees.
- India
- India is concerned about Pakistan-Taliban ties and terrorism in Kashmir.
- It evacuated its diplomats and is watching the situation closely.
- Central Asian States
- Countries like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are worried about border security and Islamic radicalism spreading.
Global Response
- United States
- The US completed its military withdrawal but has not recognized the Taliban government.
- It froze billions of Afghan assets and placed conditions for recognition (e.g. human rights).
- European Union
- EU is providing humanitarian aid but has not recognized Taliban.
- Concerned about women’s rights and possible wave of migrants.
- United Nations
- UN is calling for inclusive government, women’s rights, and anti-terrorism measures.
- It is also providing emergency humanitarian assistance.
- Human Rights Organizations
- Strong criticism on Taliban for restricting media, women, and activists.
- Demands for international pressure and accountability.
Challenges Ahead
- Terrorism spillover into neighboring countries
- Humanitarian crisis due to poverty, hunger, and no international aid
- Lack of recognition making governance and economy difficult
- Internal resistance from ISIS-K and other groups
Conclusion
The Taliban’s return has changed the political scene of South Asia. Their future depends on whether they deliver on their promises. Regional and global players are cautious but willing to engage if Taliban shows real change. For peace and stability, the Taliban must ensure human rights, cut ties with terrorists, and form an inclusive government.
Question 4
Muslim Ummah has failed to unite under one roof. The leadership, their internal wrangling and sectarian divide keeps them away from each other. No wonder the Muslim world is in shambles in their home countries, at OIC level and at international forums. Taking a tag from above, discuss ways and means to unite the Muslim Ummah with a pragmatic approach.
Introduction
The Muslim Ummah consists of more than 1.8 billion people across the globe, but sadly, it remains divided. From political rivalries to sectarianism, lack of unity has weakened Muslims both at home and on global platforms. The failure of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to play a major role in resolving issues shows the deeper problems within the Muslim world. Now, more than ever, a practical and realistic plan is needed to bring unity among the Ummah.
Major Reasons for Disunity
- Sectarian Divides
- Sunni-Shia tensions between major countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran divide the Ummah.
- These conflicts are even used by foreign powers to keep Muslim states weak.
- National Interests Over Islamic Unity
- Muslim countries often prioritize their own political or economic agendas instead of unity.
- For example, Gulf states have normalized ties with Israel, while others oppose it.
- Lack of Strong Leadership
- There is no one leader or country that can unite the Ummah.
- Competing powers within the Muslim world cause further division.
- External Influence
- Western powers have influence in many Muslim countries through aid, defense ties, or political pressure.
- This limits the freedom of Muslim states to unite on important issues.
- Failure of OIC
- The OIC, created to represent Muslim countries, is mostly inactive and symbolic.
- It has failed to solve key issues like Palestine, Kashmir, or Islamophobia.
Pragmatic Ways to Unite the Muslim Ummah
- Focus on Common Issues
- Muslim countries should come together on shared problems like Palestine, Islamophobia, poverty, and education.
- Avoid controversial topics at the start and build unity slowly.
- Economic Integration
- Create a Muslim Economic Bloc with trade deals, investment, and support.
- Start regional partnerships, like Pakistan-Turkey-Malaysia alliance idea.
- Educational and Cultural Exchange
- Promote student exchange programs, media cooperation, and Islamic values in education.
- This builds shared identity across borders.
- Interfaith and Intra-faith Dialogue
- Scholars and leaders should lead dialogues between Shia-Sunni and other sects.
- Promote tolerance and reduce hate speech in media and mosques.
- Reform and Strengthen OIC
- Make the OIC more effective with funding, a peacekeeping force, and decision-making powers.
- Give it a real role in solving disputes among member states.
- Use Technology and Media for Unity
- Create a digital platform for all Muslim countries to share knowledge, projects, and discussions.
- Fight Islamophobia through united media campaigns.
- Avoid Interference in Each Other’s Affairs
- Respect sovereignty of each Muslim country and stop proxy wars.
- Focus on cooperation, not competition.
- Promote Islamic Values of Brotherhood
- Leaders and clerics should emphasize the teachings of unity, peace, and respect from the Quran and Sunnah.
Conclusion
The disunity in the Muslim Ummah is a result of deep-rooted political, religious, and leadership issues. But unity is still possible—through honest dialogue, shared goals, and practical steps. A united Ummah can protect its rights, improve its image globally, and help solve the problems faced by Muslims everywhere. The time to act is now, before the divisions grow even wider.
Question 5
How do the nature and possible prospects of US-Russia strategic nuclear deterrence change with the enforcement of New START treaty of 2021? What could be the treaty’s implications on Pakistan’s nuclear program, keeping in view its defense policy?
Introduction
The New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was extended in 2021 for five more years by the US and Russia. It limits both sides to 1,550 deployed nuclear warheads and 700 delivery systems. In a time of rising global tensions, the treaty helps to control nuclear weapons and maintain strategic balance. This development also has indirect effects on countries like Pakistan that rely on nuclear deterrence for their security.
How the Nature of US-Russia Nuclear Deterrence Changes?
- Stability Through Predictability
- The treaty ensures both sides stay within limits.
- It builds trust through regular inspections and data exchange.
- This reduces chances of miscalculation and arms race.
- Focus Shifts from Quantity to Quality
- Since the number of warheads is capped, both sides may focus on modernizing their nuclear forces.
- This includes hypersonic missiles and AI-powered delivery systems.
- Space and Cyber Deterrence Emerging
- As strategic weapons evolve, space-based and cyber technologies are becoming part of nuclear deterrence discussions.
- Pressure on Other Nuclear States
- The New START creates pressure on other countries, especially China, to join arms control talks.
Prospects for the Future of US-Russia Nuclear Relations
- Positive Outlook
- The treaty keeps communication open between two major powers.
- It gives time to work on a broader arms control framework.
- Uncertain Long-Term Future
- With rising tensions over Ukraine and NATO expansion, future cooperation may be difficult.
- If New START expires in 2026 without a replacement, a new arms race may begin.
Implications for Pakistan’s Nuclear Program
- No Direct Impact, But Strategic Pressure
- Pakistan is not part of New START, but arms control trends among big powers can eventually bring pressure on smaller nuclear states.
- Possibility of International Scrutiny
- If US and Russia reduce their weapons, global focus may shift to regional nuclear powers like India and Pakistan.
- India’s Position Matters
- If India agrees to arms control, Pakistan may also face demands to do the same.
- But Pakistan maintains that it will only act if India does too, based on regional balance.
- Pakistan’s Minimum Deterrence Policy
- Pakistan’s defense policy is based on “credible minimum deterrence.”
- As long as threats from India remain, Pakistan is unlikely to reduce its nuclear program.
- Need for Modernization
- With global shift towards smarter and faster weapons, Pakistan may also invest in better delivery systems and command-control technology.
- Diplomatic Opportunities
- Pakistan can use its responsible behavior on nuclear safety to improve its global image.
- It can also join discussions on non-proliferation without compromising its security.
Conclusion
The New START treaty of 2021 helped maintain US-Russia nuclear stability and showed the value of arms control in a dangerous world. For Pakistan, the treaty has no immediate effect but may lead to future challenges or expectations. Pakistan must stay updated with global trends, protect its deterrence, and engage in international forums with a clear and balanced policy.
Question 6
Numerous political systems- Parliamentary as well as Presidential, have been in vogue in Pakistan with limited success. Draft your own proposed but practical system that would result in good governance of the country. Stipulate reasons and conditions for its success.
Introduction
Pakistan has experienced both parliamentary and presidential systems since its independence. Unfortunately, neither has delivered consistent good governance. Corruption, instability, and lack of accountability have weakened public trust in the system. To improve governance, Pakistan needs a hybrid political system that combines the best features of both systems while addressing the local needs and challenges.
Proposed System: Semi-Presidential Hybrid Model
My proposed system is a Semi-Presidential Hybrid System, which mixes features of both parliamentary and presidential models. It can ensure checks and balances, better coordination, and stronger leadership while preserving democratic values.
Key Features of the Proposed System
- Elected President with Real Powers
- The President should be elected by direct public vote for a fixed term (e.g. 5 years).
- He/she should have power over national security, foreign affairs, and emergency decisions.
- Prime Minister as Head of Government
- The PM will be elected from the National Assembly and will run domestic affairs.
- The PM will be responsible for economy, education, health, and local governance.
- Clear Separation of Powers
- Judiciary, executive, and legislature must be independent.
- No interference in each other’s domain.
- Stronger Local Governments
- Local bodies should be given financial and administrative powers.
- This will bring governance closer to people and reduce pressure from the center.
- Technocratic Ministries
- Non-political experts should be appointed as ministers in key departments like finance, planning, and education.
- This will improve performance and reduce political interference.
- Strict Accountability Mechanism
- A powerful and independent accountability body should check corruption across all institutions.
- No one should be above the law.
Reasons Why This System Will Ensure Good Governance
- Balanced Power Sharing
- It avoids dictatorship of one person and prevents weak coalitions.
- Power is shared, but roles are clear.
- Quick Decision-Making
- The President can take timely actions on national issues.
- The PM can focus on solving people’s day-to-day problems.
- Less Political Blackmailing
- Unlike the current system, small parties won’t have the power to bring down governments for personal benefits.
- Better Public Trust
- If people directly elect the President, they will feel more represented.
- Transparency in leadership builds national unity.
- Focus on Long-Term Planning
- Strong executive powers can help make long-term development plans without political instability.
Conditions for Its Success
- Strong Constitution and Legal Reforms
- The system must be clearly written in the Constitution.
- Loopholes must be closed to avoid misuse of power.
- Independent Election Commission
- Free and fair elections are essential to elect capable leaders.
- Political Stability
- Political parties must agree on the system and avoid fighting over power-sharing.
- Public Awareness and Education
- People must understand how the system works and take part responsibly in elections.
- Civil-Military Balance
- Military should stay out of politics and support the democratic process.
Conclusion
Pakistan needs a practical and balanced system that can end the cycle of weak governance. A semi-presidential hybrid model can solve many of the current problems by offering leadership, stability, and accountability. With strong institutions and political will, this system can bring Pakistan on the path of real progress.
Question 7
The US and China have been in an on-going trade war since 2018. In academic circles, it has been argued that this conflict may as well be the Second Cold War. Critically evaluate the future world order with main actors as China, Russia and the US.
Introduction
Since 2018, the United States and China have been engaged in a serious trade war that reflects deeper political and strategic competition. Many scholars call it the Second Cold War because it is not just about trade, but also about technology, influence, military, and ideology. Alongside China and the US, Russia is also rising again as a challenger to the US-led world order. These three powers are shaping a new global structure that is different from the unipolar world after the Cold War.
US-China Trade and Tech War
- Started with US tariffs on Chinese goods in 2018 under President Trump.
- China responded with counter-tariffs.
- Now, the conflict has expanded to technology (Huawei ban, chip export controls) and military tensions in the South China Sea and Taiwan.
- The US wants to contain China’s rise, while China wants to replace the US as a global leader.
Russia’s Role in the Global Order
- Russia is challenging the US through military actions (Ukraine invasion), energy politics, and cyber warfare.
- It has strong ties with China and is working to build an anti-Western bloc.
- However, its economy is smaller and heavily sanctioned, so its global power is limited compared to the US and China.
Characteristics of the Emerging World Order
- Multipolarity: No single superpower, but multiple strong countries (US, China, Russia, EU, maybe India).
- Bloc Formation:
- US + NATO + allies
- China + Russia + Iran + some developing nations
- Technology-Based Competition: AI, 5G, semiconductors, and space tech are the new battlegrounds.
- Ideological Division:
- US promotes democracy and liberalism.
- China and Russia support authoritarian models and national sovereignty.
Possible Future Scenarios
Scenario 1: New Cold War
- Like the old Cold War, world splits into two rival blocs.
- Arms race, proxy wars, and intense rivalry continue.
- Less global cooperation on climate, trade, or pandemics.
Scenario 2: Peaceful Competition
- Countries compete in economy and tech but avoid direct military conflict.
- Global institutions like UN and WTO survive, and diplomacy continues.
Scenario 3: Multipolar Collaboration
- US, China, and Russia learn to cooperate on key issues (e.g., climate change, terrorism).
- Global power is shared and balanced.
Role of Other Key Players
- European Union: Wants independence from US-China rivalry but still leans toward the US.
- India: Rising power with strategic importance. May play a balancing role.
- Developing World: Caught between big powers, may align based on economic interests.
Challenges to Global Stability
- Taiwan conflict or Ukraine war escalation may lead to world-level military crisis.
- Cyberattacks and misinformation wars are already ongoing.
- Climate change and pandemics need cooperation, but rivalry reduces trust.
Conclusion
The world is no longer unipolar. The power struggle between the US, China, and Russia is shaping a new global order. Whether it becomes a peaceful multipolar world or a new Cold War depends on how these powers behave. To avoid chaos, global cooperation, dialogue, and reform of international institutions are urgently needed.
Question 8
Write short notes on any TWO of the following:
a. Poverty & Trade in South Asia and the role of SAARC
b. A comparison of leadership qualities between Xi Jinping of China and Joe Biden of the US
c. 2022 FIFA World Cup and politics of the Arab World
a. Poverty & Trade in South Asia and the Role of SAARC
South Asia is home to nearly 25% of the world’s population, but it also holds a large portion of the world’s poor. Countries like Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh face high levels of poverty due to overpopulation, low literacy, and weak governance. Trade can help reduce poverty by creating jobs, increasing income, and lowering prices. However, political tensions and lack of cooperation have slowed down regional trade.
Role of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
- SAARC was formed in 1985 to promote economic and regional integration.
- It launched SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area) in 2006, aiming to reduce trade barriers.
- But India-Pakistan tensions and lack of political will have stopped SAARC from achieving its goals.
- SAARC also has potential to work on poverty by funding joint development projects and cross-border trade, especially for smaller economies like Bhutan and Maldives.
Conclusion
Trade within South Asia is less than 5% of total trade. If SAARC becomes active again, it can play a big role in fighting poverty and boosting regional development.
b. A Comparison of Leadership Qualities Between Xi Jinping of China and Joe Biden of the US
Xi Jinping (China)
- Strong, centralized leader with full control over the Communist Party and military.
- Promotes nationalism, “Chinese Dream”, and central authority.
- Seen as confident, strategic, and long-term planner.
- Has removed term limits and now rules with near-total power.
- Focus on infrastructure (Belt and Road Initiative), economy, and global influence.
Joe Biden (United States)
- Democratic leader with power limited by Congress and courts.
- Promotes alliances, diplomacy, and human rights.
- Known for empathy, experience, and teamwork-based leadership.
- Focused on rebuilding America’s image post-Trump, and managing global challenges through cooperation.
Comparison
- Xi is more authoritarian, focused on state control and long-term goals.
- Biden is democratic, more open to public opinion and political compromise.
- Both lead major powers, but with opposite leadership styles—one centralized, the other institutional.
c. 2022 FIFA World Cup and Politics of the Arab World
The 2022 FIFA World Cup, held in Qatar, was not just a sports event, but a political moment for the Arab world.
Qatar’s Soft Power Move
- Qatar used the World Cup to boost its global image and influence.
- It showed the world that an Arab and Muslim country can host a successful mega event.
- It also improved infrastructure, tourism, and international attention.
Regional Politics
- The event helped Qatar restore ties with Gulf countries after the 2017 blockade.
- Many Arab leaders attended, showing rare unity.
- The event highlighted issues like migrant worker rights and freedom of expression, sparking international debate.
Islamic Identity and Arab Pride
- The tournament featured Arab culture and Islamic values.
- Morocco’s success and Palestine’s flag in stadiums became symbols of Arab unity.
Conclusion
The World Cup was a success for Qatar and helped Arab states show their strength in diplomacy, culture, and development, even amid global criticism.
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