CSS Past Paper 2025 Current Affairs Descriptive

CSS | Past Paper | Compulsory | 2025 | Part 2 | Descriptive

Below is the solution to PART-II (COMPULSORY) of the CSS Past Paper 2025 Current Affairs Descriptive (Part 2).

Question 2

What do you know about ethnicity in Pakistan? Do you think its emergence as a serious threat to national integration of Pakistan? Explain your opinion with reference to various scholarly evidences and suggest your recommendations to deal with it.

Introduction

Ethnicity in Pakistan means the identity based on language, culture, and regional background. Pakistan is a multi-ethnic country, with groups like Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Baloch, and Muhajirs. These groups have different cultures and languages, but they all live under one country. Even though diversity is beautiful, sometimes it creates challenges to unity. Ethnic tension has been increasing and it affects national integration badly.

Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan

Punjabis – Majority population, mainly in Punjab.
Pashtuns – Live in KP and parts of Balochistan.
Sindhis – Main group in Sindh province.
Baloch – Found in Balochistan, demand more autonomy.
Muhajirs – Migrated from India in 1947, settled in urban Sindh.

Each group has its own language and cultural identity. Some groups feel ignored by the state, which creates frustration.

Ethnicity as a Threat to National Integration

Yes, ethnicity is becoming a serious threat to Pakistan’s unity. There are several reasons:

1. Lack of Equal Development

Some ethnic regions feel they don’t get their fair share. For example, Balochistan is rich in minerals, but people there remain poor. This creates a feeling of injustice.

2. Political Marginalization

Smaller ethnic groups say that the political system favors Punjab. This makes them think they don’t have a voice in national matters.

3. Ethnic-Based Movements

Movements like MQM in Sindh and Baloch nationalist groups in Balochistan raise voices for separation or autonomy. These movements sometimes turn violent.

4. Language Conflict

Urdu is the national language, but some ethnic groups prefer to use their regional languages. This sometimes creates tension. The 1971 incident with East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) also had a language issue in it.

5. Social Discrimination

Sometimes people from one ethnic group are not treated fairly in jobs, education, or services. This causes hate between groups.

Scholarly Opinions

Dr. Hassan Askari Rizvi says that ethnic problems grow when there is no justice in resource sharing and political representation.
Dr. Akbar Zaidi mentions that poor governance and lack of decentralization create ethnic mistrust.
Hamza Alavi explained that Pakistan’s ruling elite failed to manage ethnic diversity properly after independence.

Recommendations

Equal Distribution of Resources
Government should make sure every province gets its fair share of development projects and funds.
Political Inclusion
All ethnic groups should be given fair representation in politics and decision-making.
Education in Local Languages
Education policies should respect local languages while promoting national unity.
Strengthening Federalism
Power should be shared with provinces, as promised in the 18th Amendment.
National Integration Campaigns
Media, education, and civil society should promote unity and respect for diversity.
Fair Job Opportunities
A transparent system must be made to give all ethnic groups a chance in government jobs.

Conclusion

Ethnicity is a part of our identity, not a weakness. But when it is mixed with injustice and discrimination, it becomes a threat to national unity. The government must take solid steps to solve ethnic problems through justice, inclusion, and development. If not handled properly, it can create more divisions like what happened in 1971. National unity can only be achieved when every citizen feels respected and included.

Question 3

Discuss in detail the reasons for fragility of economic stability of Pakistan and suggest pragmatic remedial measures for ensuring smooth and sustainable economic growth.

Introduction

Pakistan’s economy has been unstable for many years. Sometimes it grows, but then it falls again. This instability hurts jobs, inflation, foreign investment, and public confidence. Even after getting help from IMF and other countries, the economy doesn’t stay stable for long. To fix this, we need to understand the reasons behind this problem and find long-term solutions.

Reasons for Fragile Economic Stability

1. High Fiscal Deficit

Pakistan always spends more than it earns. The government borrows money to fill the gap, which increases debt. In FY 2024-25, the budget deficit reached around 7.6% of GDP. This creates pressure on the economy.

2. Rising Debt and IMF Dependence

Pakistan’s external debt crossed $125 billion in 2025. Due to this, we have to return loans with interest, which eats a big part of our budget. We go to IMF again and again, but IMF loans come with strict conditions that hurt the common people.

3. Poor Tax Collection System

The tax-to-GDP ratio is only around 9.2%, which is very low. Most people don’t pay taxes, and the government depends on indirect taxes (like sales tax), which increase inflation.

4. Political Instability

Frequent changes in governments, protests, and lack of proper planning create uncertainty. Investors avoid unstable countries. Businesses don’t grow, and economic plans don’t complete.

5. Energy Crisis

Load-shedding and expensive electricity hurt industries. If factories don’t get proper power, they can’t produce or export well. This increases unemployment too.

6. Trade Imbalance

Pakistan imports more than it export. In 2025, the trade deficit crossed $25 billion. We import oil, machinery, and luxury items, but export less. This drains our foreign reserves.

7. Inflation and Currency Devaluation

Prices of goods keep rising. In 2025, inflation touched nearly 30% at some point. At the same time, the Pakistani rupee keeps losing its value against the dollar. This makes imports expensive and increases public pressure.

8. Low Industrial and Agricultural Output

Both agriculture and industry are not working at full capacity. Water shortages, outdated methods, and poor planning hurt production. Without strong production, the economy cannot grow fast.

9. Corruption and Poor Governance

Corruption in institutions and lack of planning waste resources. Projects remain incomplete, and public money is lost.

Pragmatic Remedial Measures

1. Tax Reforms

Make tax collection easier and fair. Bring rich people into the tax net. Reduce indirect taxes and focus more on direct taxes.

2. Promote Exports

Give incentives to exporters like low-interest loans, tax cuts, and cheaper electricity. Help industries become competitive in global markets.

3. Reduce Import Bill

Promote local products to replace imported goods. Ban or heavily tax luxury imports.

4. Political Stability and Good Governance

Strong democratic system and rule of law will attract investment. Long-term policies must continue, no matter which government comes.

5. Energy Reforms

Shift towards renewable energy like solar and wind. Improve power transmission system to reduce losses.

6. Agricultural Modernization

Use modern tools, better seeds, and irrigation systems. Train farmers and give subsidies where needed.

7. Control Inflation

State Bank of Pakistan must control money supply smartly. Stop unnecessary printing of money and reduce reliance on foreign loans.

8. Invest in Education and Skills

A skilled population will increase productivity. Vocational training and modern education can help youth get jobs and start businesses.

9. Encourage SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises)

Give small businesses loans and training. SMEs can create jobs and boost the local economy.

Conclusion

Pakistan’s economy is weak because of many internal and external problems. Just borrowing more money won’t solve it. The government must take serious steps to fix tax collection, reduce debt, support exports, and ensure political stability. Without long-term planning, economic growth will always be unstable. It is time to focus on self-reliance and sustainable reforms for a better future.

Question 4

Discuss the contours of Pakistan’s strategic relations with India and Afghanistan in detail. Do you foresee any serious security challenges from these neighbours in near future? Explain your opinion with scholarly evidences.

Introduction

Pakistan is located in a tough region with two important neighbours: India and Afghanistan. Both of these countries have long histories with Pakistan. The relations are full of ups and downs, and many times they affect Pakistan’s security. To stay stable and peaceful, Pakistan must manage its ties with both in a smart way.

Pakistan’s Strategic Relations with India

1. Kashmir Dispute

Since 1947, Kashmir has been the main cause of tension. Both countries claim it, and there have been wars and skirmishes. After India removed Article 370 in August 2019, relations became even worse.

2. Border Clashes and Ceasefire Violations

There are regular firing incidents across the Line of Control (LoC). These attacks harm civilians and increase military tension.

3. Nuclear Deterrence

Both India and Pakistan are nuclear powers. This keeps them from fighting full wars but increases risk of conflict. Any mistake can turn into a big disaster.

4. Trade and People-to-People Contact

There were hopes to increase trade, but tensions stopped that. Now even basic trade and cultural exchange is frozen.

5. Water Issues (Indus Water Treaty)

India is building dams on rivers that flow into Pakistan. Pakistan says this violates the treaty and can damage its agriculture.

Pakistan’s Strategic Relations with Afghanistan

1. Durand Line and Border Problems

Afghanistan does not officially accept the Durand Line as the border. This causes border clashes and illegal crossings.

2. TTP and Terrorism

TTP (Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan) is hiding in Afghanistan and attacking inside Pakistan. Despite Taliban control in Kabul, these groups still operate freely, which is a serious threat.

3. Refugee Issue

Pakistan still hosts around 1.3 million Afghan refugees. This affects Pakistan’s economy and creates security concerns.

4. Trade and Transit

Pakistan gives trade routes to Afghanistan, but political issues keep blocking smooth trade. The Afghan economy depends on these routes.

5. Taliban Government in Kabul

Pakistan hoped that Taliban would support peace, but the opposite happened. Border attacks increased, and Kabul government is not fully cooperating.

Security Challenges from India and Afghanistan

From India

False flag operations: India can create incidents like Pulwama to put blame on Pakistan.
Hybrid warfare: India uses media, cyber attacks, and diplomacy to isolate Pakistan.
RAW’s activities in Balochistan: India supports separatist groups to destabilize Pakistan.

From Afghanistan

TTP attacks: Daily attacks in KP and Balochistan by militants coming from Afghan side.
No action by Taliban: Afghan Taliban are not stopping these terrorists.
Border tension: Fencing of the border is not accepted by Afghanistan. It may lead to armed conflicts.

Scholarly Opinions

Dr. Moeed Yusuf says that Pakistan faces a “two-front threat” from India and terrorism coming through Afghanistan.
Christine Fair writes that India’s strategy is to keep Pakistan engaged in internal security so it cannot rise as a strong state.
Ahmed Rashid, an expert on Afghanistan, believes that unstable Afghanistan will keep exporting terrorism to neighbours, especially Pakistan.

Way Forward / Recommendations

Improve Intelligence and Border Security
Pakistan should strengthen borders with modern technology and trained forces.
Regional Diplomacy
Pakistan must engage with China, Iran, and Central Asia to reduce Afghan dependence on India.
Revive Peace Dialogues
Pakistan should keep the door open for talks with India and Afghanistan, even if progress is slow.
Anti-Terror Policy
Pressure the Afghan Taliban through OIC and UN to act against TTP.
Counter Propaganda
Use media and diplomacy to expose India’s role in terrorism and isolate it at global level.

Conclusion

Pakistan’s relations with India and Afghanistan will remain complex. There are serious security challenges, especially from cross-border terrorism and political hostilities. Still, diplomacy and strategic planning can reduce these threats. Peace in the region depends on solving issues like Kashmir, Durand Line, and terrorism with seriousness and honesty. Only through regional cooperation and mutual respect can lasting peace be achieved.

Question 5

Discuss the major contours of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime and discuss the prospects of their sucesss/failure with reference to India-United States Strategic Partnership.

Introduction

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime (NPR) is a system made to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and promote peaceful use of nuclear energy. It includes treaties, agreements, and institutions. But due to biased treatment of some countries like India, the regime is often questioned. The India–US Strategic Partnership, especially the 2008 nuclear deal, is one of the main reasons many say the regime has failed.

Major Contours of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime

1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Signed in 1968, NPT has three goals:

Stop spread of nuclear weapons
Promote peaceful nuclear technology
Work towards total disarmament

Only five countries are officially allowed to have nuclear weapons (USA, Russia, China, UK, France). Others must not develop nukes.

2. Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

This treaty bans all nuclear tests. It’s not in force yet because some key countries like India, Pakistan, and the USA haven’t signed or ratified it.

3. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

IAEA monitors nuclear programs to make sure countries follow peaceful use rules. It does inspections and reports any illegal activities.

4. Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

A group of 48 countries that control export of nuclear material and technology. They only deal with countries following NPT rules.

5. Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)

It stops the spread of missiles that can carry nuclear warheads. Many countries including India are members.

Success and Failure of the Regime

Successes

NPT reduced the number of new nuclear countries.
Many countries gave up nuclear programs (like South Africa, Libya).
IAEA helps promote safe nuclear energy.

Failures

Nuclear powers did not disarm as promised.
India, Pakistan, and Israel never joined NPT but have nuclear weapons.
North Korea quit NPT and developed nukes.

India–US Strategic Partnership and Its Impact

1. 2008 US–India Civil Nuclear Deal

USA gave India access to civilian nuclear technology, even though India never signed NPT. This was a clear violation of the rules. India also got a waiver from NSG.

2. NSG Membership Lobbying

USA is now helping India to become a member of NSG, while Pakistan is ignored. This shows double standards.

3. Arms Buildup in South Asia

After the deal, India started building more nuclear reactors. This made Pakistan feel insecure and pushed it to increase its own nuclear weapons.

4. Undermining the Regime

This partnership shows that big powers can change rules for their friends. It weakens the global trust in the non-proliferation system.

Scholarly Views

Zafar Jaspal, Pakistani nuclear expert, says the US–India deal broke the backbone of the non-proliferation regime.
Perkovich (Carnegie Institute) says the deal gave India a “special status” without any responsibility.
IAEA analysts believe that India has used imported material for dual-use purposes, which raises security concerns.

Prospects of Success or Failure

Prospects of Failure

NPT losing credibility due to unfair treatment.
More countries may leave or ignore the system.
Arms race growing in South Asia.

Prospects of Success

Only possible if global powers treat all countries equally.
Stronger IAEA inspections and punishments for violations.
Include all nuclear countries in talks, including India, Pakistan, and Israel.

Recommendations

Universal NPT Membership
Convince all countries, including India and Pakistan, to join NPT under a new framework.
Stop Double Standards
US and other powers must follow rules equally for all nations.
Regional Nuclear Talks
Start South Asia-specific arms control dialogue between India and Pakistan.
Strengthen IAEA Powers
Give IAEA more power to inspect and verify nuclear sites.
Control Civil–Military Use
Ensure civilian nuclear deals don’t help countries grow their weapons programs.

Conclusion

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime is under pressure, especially after the India–US deal. This partnership created imbalance and hurt global efforts to stop nuclear weapons. Unless the regime becomes fair and universal, its future success is very low. The world needs a balanced system where no country is above the rules. Only then we can move towards real nuclear peace.

Question 6

Discuss the emergence of SCO and BRICS as a challenge to American politicoecomic dominance in world politics. What measures can be taken by the US to counter them?

Introduction

The world is moving from a unipolar system (led by USA) to a multipolar one. Two major groups, SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), are becoming powerful both politically and economically. These alliances challenge the West’s control, especially the dominance of the USA in global affairs. Their growing influence is a big shift in international politics.

What is SCO?

Founded in 2001, mainly by China and Russia.
Members include Pakistan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan.
Focus areas: Security, counter-terrorism, trade, connectivity, and regional cooperation.

What is BRICS?

Started in 2006 with Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa joined in 2010.
In 2024, new countries like Egypt, Iran, UAE also joined.
BRICS aims to challenge the dominance of Western economic institutions like IMF and World Bank.

How SCO and BRICS Challenge US Dominance>

1. Alternative Political Power Centers

These groups reduce America’s influence in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
China and Russia lead SCO and BRICS, directly challenging US-led alliances like NATO.

2. Economic Independence

BRICS has launched the New Development Bank (NDB) as an alternative to the IMF and World Bank.
They also plan to trade in local currencies, reducing dependence on the US dollar.

3. Anti-Sanction Alliances

Countries like Iran and Russia, under US sanctions, are finding support in BRICS and SCO.
These platforms protect members from Western economic pressure.

4. Regional Connectivity

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) works closely with SCO countries. It boosts infrastructure and trade in Asia and Africa, areas where the US has little reach.

5. Multipolar World Promotion

Both SCO and BRICS promote a world where no single country (like the USA) dominates. This reduces US control in international decisions.

Examples of US Challenges by These Blocs

BRICS Summit 2023 openly called for de-dollarization.
SCO military exercises increase regional defense without NATO.
China-Russia cooperation in both SCO and BRICS strengthens anti-US partnerships.

Scholarly Views

Stephen Walt, a top US strategist, says that these new alliances are part of “soft balancing” against the USA.
Fareed Zakaria believes that American dominance is declining due to the rise of China and coalitions like BRICS.
Andrew Korybko writes that SCO gives a security shield to smaller nations that don’t want to depend on America.

How the US Can Respond?

1. Rebuild Global Trust

Reduce use of sanctions as a weapon. Focus more on diplomacy and fairness in international policies.

2. Reform Global Institutions

Support reforms in the IMF, World Bank, and UN to give more voice to developing countries. This will reduce support for rival blocs.

3. Strengthen Alliances

Rebuild and energize NATO, G7, and QUAD. Increase engagement with India and Southeast Asia.

4. Economic Engagement

Launch new free trade agreements with Africa, Latin America, and Asia to counter China’s BRI and BRICS expansion.

5. Compete in Technology and Green Energy

Invest in AI, semiconductors, and renewable energy to stay ahead in future global markets.

Conclusion

SCO and BRICS are now serious players in world politics. They offer other countries an alternative to the US-led global order. While they still have internal differences, their growth shows a shift towards a multipolar world. The US must adapt to this change with smart strategies and cooperation, not just control. To remain a true leader, America has to share power, not just hold it.

Question 7

Discuss the prospects of peace in South Asia with reference to Kashmir Conflict and Nuclear Arms-race between India and Pakistan.

Introduction

South Asia is a region full of culture, history, and diversity—but also of conflict. The biggest issue between India and Pakistan is the Kashmir conflict, which started right after partition in 1947. Along with this, both countries are involved in a dangerous nuclear arms race. These two issues block peace and increase chances of war in the region. Still, peace is not impossible if both countries take serious steps.

Kashmir Conflict: The Core Issue

1. Historical Background

After independence in 1947, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was supposed to choose between India and Pakistan.
The Maharaja joined India, but Pakistan and many Kashmiris rejected this.
This led to wars in 1947, 1965, 1999 and regular skirmishes.

2. Current Situation

India controls Jammu and Kashmir, and Pakistan controls Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.
In August 2019, India removed Article 370, ending Kashmir’s special status. This made relations worse.
There are frequent clashes along the LoC, and human rights violations are reported from Indian-held Kashmir.

3. Peace Hurdles

No third-party mediation is accepted by India.
Pakistan wants implementation of UN resolutions, while India calls it an internal issue.
Militancy, media propaganda, and political pressure keep making things worse.

Nuclear Arms Race in South Asia

1. Introduction of Nuclear Weapons

India tested nuclear bombs in 1974 and 1998.
Pakistan responded with its own tests in May 1998.
Since then, both countries maintain a “credible deterrence” strategy.

2. Growth of Nuclear Arsenal

India is developing new missiles like Agni-V and MIRVs.
Pakistan is making short-range nukes like Nasr missile to counter India’s cold start doctrine.
According to SIPRI 2024, India has around 164 nuclear warheads and Pakistan around 170+.

3. Risk of Miscalculation

With growing tensions, any mistake or accident can lead to a nuclear exchange.
No proper communication or conflict control mechanism is in place.
The Pulwama-Balakot incident (2019) showed how quickly things can escalate.

Prospects of Peace: Is It Possible?

Positive Factors

People-to-people desire for peace: Most citizens on both sides are tired of war.
Economic need: Both India and Pakistan are facing economic crises. War is not affordable.
Backchannel diplomacy: Secret talks were reported in 2021–22, especially on LoC ceasefire.
Third-party interest: Countries like China, USA, and Gulf states want regional peace for trade and investment.

Challenges to Peace

Hardline politics: Leaders use nationalism for votes, which increases hate.
Media war: Fake news and hate content fuel more division.
Terrorism: Attacks like Pulwama spoil the environment for talks.
Lack of trust: Both countries blame each other for instability.

Scholarly Views

Dr. Moeed Yusuf calls Kashmir the “nuclear flashpoint” of the world.
Stephen Cohen said that peace in South Asia is possible, but leadership must act maturely.
Arundhati Roy, Indian writer, says Kashmir needs international attention for real peace to happen.

Way Forward / Recommendations

Revive Bilateral Talks
Start dialogue on all issues including Kashmir, Siachen, and Sir Creek.
Strengthen Ceasefire
Keep the LoC calm and create a system for quick communication in crisis.
Nuclear Risk Reduction Measures
Set up hotlines, regular meetings, and agreements to avoid accidental war.
Promote Trade and Connectivity
Open trade routes, visa relaxations, and joint economic projects.
People-to-People Engagement
Cultural exchange, student programs, and sports diplomacy can soften tensions.
Involve International Mediation
UN, OIC, or friendly countries like Turkey or UAE can help reduce misunderstandings.

Conclusion

Peace in South Asia is not a dream, but a possibility that needs hard work, honesty, and political will. The Kashmir conflict and nuclear rivalry are the biggest dangers. Unless these are addressed, South Asia will remain on the edge of war. A peaceful region will benefit not just India and Pakistan, but the whole world. Time is running out, and serious steps must be taken now.

Question 8

Discuss the reasons of environmental degradation in Pakistan and suggest remedial measures for sustainable environmental rehabilitation.

Introduction

Environmental degradation in Pakistan is getting worse every year. Pollution, deforestation, climate change, and water shortage are destroying nature and putting lives at risk. Big cities are filled with smoke, rivers are polluted, and the weather is becoming extreme. If this continues, the future of the country will be in danger. Pakistan needs serious and long-term action to protect the environment.

Major Reasons for Environmental Degradation in Pakistan

1. Rapid Urbanization

More people are moving to cities like Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad. But the cities are not planned properly. Green areas are replaced with concrete. Traffic and waste increase pollution.

2. Deforestation

Trees are being cut down for housing, fuel, and agriculture. According to the Global Forest Watch, Pakistan has one of the highest deforestation rates in Asia. Forests are key for clean air and climate balance.

3. Air Pollution

Industrial emissions, car smoke, burning garbage, and brick kilns fill the air with dangerous particles. Lahore and Karachi often appear in the list of the most polluted cities in the world.

4. Water Pollution and Scarcity

Dirty water from factories and homes is dumped into rivers without treatment. This harms both humans and marine life. Also, overuse of groundwater and poor water management are leading to water shortages.

5. Climate Change

Pakistan is facing heatwaves, floods, and unpredictable weather. Glaciers are melting faster. According to Germanwatch’s Climate Risk Index, Pakistan is among the top 10 countries most affected by climate change.

6. Plastic and Solid Waste

Cities are filled with plastic bags and waste. There’s no proper system to manage garbage, especially in small towns. This clogs drains and spreads diseases.

7. Industrial and Agricultural Practices

Factories dump chemicals in soil and rivers. Farmers use pesticides and fertilizers without proper knowledge, which affects the environment badly.

8. Lack of Awareness and Weak Laws

People don’t understand the importance of environment. Also, laws exist but are not applied properly. Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) are weak and underfunded.

Remedial Measures for Sustainable Environmental Rehabilitation

1. Massive Tree Plantation

Expand projects like Ten Billion Tree Tsunami. Make tree plantation a part of school, college, and community activities.

2. Wastewater Treatment Plants

Build treatment plants in all major cities to clean water before releasing it into rivers.

3. Control Vehicle Emissions

Promote electric vehicles (EVs), improve public transport, and ban smoke-emitting vehicles.

4. Strict Industrial Regulations

Make it compulsory for industries to treat waste and follow environmental standards.

5. Environmental Education

Start awareness campaigns in schools and media. Teach people how small actions like saving water, avoiding plastic, or planting trees can help.

6. Stronger Environmental Laws

Empower EPAs, increase punishments for polluters, and involve courts for quick action.

7. Green Urban Planning

Make parks and green belts part of every city. Limit construction near rivers and forests.

8. Waste Management System

Introduce recycling programs and ban plastic bags. Involve local government and private sector in solid waste management.

Scholarly Opinions

Dr. Pervaiz Amir, an environmental expert, said that Pakistan is at the frontline of climate change but lacks the institutional strength to handle it.
UNDP Reports highlight that Pakistan loses about 6% of GDP every year due to environmental damage.
World Bank recommends investing in clean energy and urban planning to reduce environmental risks.

Conclusion

Pakistan is facing a serious environmental crisis. The damage is affecting health, economy, and the future of our next generations. But the good news is—it’s not too late. If the government, civil society, and people work together, the environment can be saved. Green Pakistan is possible, but only with strong will and smart action.

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