CSS Past Paper 2024 Public Administration Descriptive (Part 2)
CSS | Past Paper | Group 3 | 2024 | Part 2 | Descriptive
Below is the solution to PART-II (COMPULSORY) of the CSS Past Paper 2024 Public Administration Descriptive (Part 2).
Question 2
To a large extent, contemporary concept of political neutrality grew out of 19th century civil service reforms. How do you look at these reforms in the following statements in relation with Pakistan?
a. Public sector employees should not use their positions to advance the general political goals.
b. Public administration is not a politically neutral managerial setup, rather be considered in terms of political choices.
Introduction
The idea of political neutrality in civil service came from 19th century reforms in Britain, like the Northcote-Trevelyan Report (1854). These reforms said that civil servants should be hired on merit, and they must serve the government professionally — no matter which party is in power. In countries like Pakistan, this idea is very important, but its practice is still weak due to many challenges like politicization, corruption, and lack of accountability.
a. Public Sector Employees Should Not Use Their Positions to Advance General Political Goals
Explanation of the Point
Civil servants are expected to be neutral. Their job is to serve the public, not to support political parties. If they use their position to promote any political goal, it creates bias, weakens public trust, and damages meritocracy.
Relevance to Pakistan
In Pakistan, unfortunately, many public servants are influenced by political pressure. Transfers, promotions, and postings are often based on political connections, not performance. This makes the system weak and unfair.
Examples
- A District Commissioner who gives contracts to ruling party supporters is using their power for political goals.
- In elections, some bureaucrats help certain parties by misusing government resources — this destroys neutrality.
Result
Such actions lead to corruption, favoritism, and poor service delivery. Citizens lose trust, and honest officers feel discouraged.
Need for Reform
- Strong rules against political interference
- Independent Public Service Commissions
- Protection for honest officers from unfair transfers
b. Public Administration Is Not a Politically Neutral Managerial Setup, Rather Be Considered in Terms of Political Choices
Explanation of the Point
While civil servants must be neutral in implementation, public administration is still linked with politics. This is because every policy reflects political values — for example, choosing between building a hospital or a flyover is a political choice.
Relevance to Pakistan
In Pakistan, governments change often, and with each new government, priorities and policies also change. Civil servants must adjust to those priorities, even though they stay in office while governments come and go.
Examples
- PTI focused on projects like Ehsaas Program, while the next government may focus on Benazir Income Support Program (BISP).
- Bureaucrats have to shift their work based on new political directions, even if they personally disagree.
Conclusion of This Point
So, while implementation must be neutral, the environment is political. Public administrators must be smart enough to balance between following political leadership and staying professional.
Conclusion
The civil service reforms of the 19th century introduced the ideal of a neutral, professional, and merit-based bureaucracy. In countries like Pakistan, this ideal is still a goal, not a full reality. Political influence is strong, and neutrality is often compromised. However, we must accept that complete neutrality is impossible — because administration happens in a political world. What matters most is that civil servants act fairly, honestly, and focus on public interest, not personal or political gain.
Question 3
Many observers feel that the contemporary HRM practices in public sector organizations are too complicated to be efficient. Above in view, comment on the following with reference to Pakistan:
a. Recruitment, training, employment and development of human resource processes in public sector. Highlight shortfalls.
b. Accountability, performance evaluation and promotions/rewards of the public sector employees. Highlight shortfalls.
Introduction
Human Resource Management (HRM) is very important for running any organization properly. In the public sector of Pakistan, HRM practices are often slow, outdated, and too complex. This creates problems in recruitment, training, promotions, and performance. Due to this, the public sector becomes inefficient, and the people suffer.
a. Recruitment, Training, Employment and Development in Pakistan’s Public Sector
This part includes how employees are hired, trained, and developed for future leadership. Sadly, this system in Pakistan has many shortfalls.
Shortfalls in Recruitment
- Political Influence: Many jobs are given based on political links instead of merit.
- Delays in Hiring: Tests and interviews take many months, sometimes even years.
- Lack of Transparency: Sometimes, the process is not open or clear.
- Quota System Misuse: Quotas meant for underdeveloped areas are misused by powerful people.
Example: FPSC and PPSC exams face delays, and results often lack transparency.
Shortfalls in Training
- Outdated Methods: Training content is not modern or practical.
- Lack of Focus on Skills: More focus on theory, less on real-world problem solving.
- No Continuous Learning: Once employees join service, many never receive training again.
- Low Motivation: Officers attend training only for promotions, not to improve performance.
Example: Many government officers attend training at NIPA or CSA just to fulfill promotion requirements.
Shortfalls in Development
- No Career Planning: Employees don’t know what their future in the service is.
- No Talent Management: Talented officers are not identified or supported.
- Brain Drain: Good people leave the public sector for better private jobs or go abroad.
b. Accountability, Performance Evaluation and Promotions/Rewards
A strong public sector needs proper checks on employee performance. But in Pakistan, the system has many flaws.
Shortfalls in Accountability
- Weak Monitoring Systems: Performance is rarely checked seriously.
- No Consequences: Even if someone performs badly, no action is taken.
- Corruption and Favoritism: Many officers misuse power and money but are not punished.
- Political Protection: Some employees avoid accountability because of links with powerful people.
Shortfalls in Performance Evaluation
- Outdated ACR System: Annual Confidential Report is the main tool, but it’s mostly formality.
- No Real Feedback: Officers get same marks every year; no real evaluation happens.
- Lack of KPIs: Key Performance Indicators are not used to measure actual work.
- Favoritism: Seniors give good ratings to friends or favorites, not to deserving officers.
Example: ACRs often rate all officers “Very Good” or “Excellent” — even if their performance was poor.
Shortfalls in Promotions and Rewards
- Seniority Over Merit: Promotions happen mostly on seniority, not on performance.
- No Motivation: Hardworking employees and lazy ones are treated the same.
- Rare Incentives: There are very few bonuses, awards, or appreciation systems.
- Delayed Promotions: Many officers wait years for promotion due to backlogs and red tape.
Conclusion
HRM in Pakistan’s public sector is stuck in old practices. Recruitment is slow, training is weak, and promotions are unfair. To fix this, we need reforms like merit-based hiring, digital performance evaluation, training with new methods, and a reward system that truly appreciates hard work. Only then can the public sector become efficient and serve the people properly.
Question 4
Corruption is defined as betrayal of public trust for private/personal interest. Above in view, answer the following questions:
a. What are main reasons of corruption in public sector and how it affects the organizational functioning?
b. As member of the civil society, what measures would you suggest to apprehend this practice and become a model setup?
Introduction
Corruption is a serious issue in many developing countries, including Pakistan. It happens when public officials misuse their power for personal gain. Corruption damages public trust, weakens institutions, and slows down development. Understanding its causes and fixing it is very important for good governance.
a. Main Reasons of Corruption in Public Sector and Its Effects on Organizational Functioning
Major Causes of Corruption
- Weak Accountability
There is no proper system to check or punish corrupt officials. Many get away easily.- Political Interference
When politicians use their power to protect corrupt people, it becomes hard to take action.
- Low Salaries and Job Insecurity
Some employees turn to bribery because they feel their income is not enough.
- Complex and Delayed Procedures
People pay bribes to speed up their work because official processes are slow and full of red tape.
- Lack of Transparency
Government offices often don’t share information with the public. This hides corruption.
- Cultural Acceptance
Sadly, in some places, corruption is seen as “normal” or a “shortcut” to success.
- Political Interference
Effects on Organizational Functioning
- Loss of Public Trust
When people see corruption, they stop trusting government institutions. - Poor Service Delivery
Funds meant for development projects are stolen, so public services like health, education, and roads suffer. - Demotivated Employees
Honest workers feel discouraged when corrupt people get promotions and rewards. - Inefficiency and Delays
Corruption creates unfair systems where money talks more than merit, slowing down real progress. - Bad International Image
Countries known for corruption lose foreign investment and support.
Example: In Pakistan, many mega projects like Nandipur Power Project and Pakistan Steel Mill collapsed due to corruption and mismanagement.
b. Measures to Apprehend Corruption – Role of Civil Society
As part of civil society, we all have a role in fighting corruption. Civil society includes students, NGOs, media, activists, and common citizens.
1. Promote Transparency
Push government to make all spending and decisions public through websites and apps.
Example: Use of Right to Information (RTI) laws to get access to public records.
2. Strong Whistleblower Protection
Encourage honest people to report corruption by protecting their identity and safety.
3. Public Awareness Campaigns
Educate people about the bad effects of corruption through media, schools, and social media.
4. Support Accountability Institutions
Civil society should support and monitor institutions like NAB, FIA, and Ombudsman to stay independent and active.
5. Demand Reforms in Hiring and Promotion
Advocate for merit-based systems in public jobs to stop political appointments and favoritism.
6. Digital Governance
Push for e-governance to reduce human contact in public service delivery (less chances to demand bribe).
Example: Online fee payment, online FIRs, and complaint portals like Pakistan Citizen’s Portal.
7. Active Media and Investigative Journalism
Support media houses and journalists who expose corruption scandals.
8. Youth Engagement
Involve students and young people in anti-corruption drives. They are the future of the country.
Conclusion
Corruption is a poison that destroys any country from the inside. Its roots are deep in weak systems and poor values. Public sector corruption can only be reduced if civil society becomes active, informed, and united. By using legal tools, promoting transparency, and demanding reforms, we can build a system where honesty is rewarded and corruption is punished. A clean public sector means a stronger and more successful Pakistan.
Question 5
In public administration, discretionary powers refer to the public office holder’s authority to make, interpret, and regulate policies. Above in view, answer the following questions:
a. What are the merits and demerits of discretionary powers with respect to organizational functioning?
b. In countries like Pakistan, do you support or oppose such powers in public administration? Give rationale in either case.
Introduction
Discretionary powers allow public officials to make decisions in situations where the law is not clear. It gives them freedom to choose the best action in special cases. But these powers can be both helpful and harmful, depending on how they are used. In countries like Pakistan, the use of discretion is a big issue because it is often misused for personal or political gain.
a. Merits and Demerits of Discretionary Powers in Organizational Functioning
Merits
1. Flexibility in Decision-Making
Discretion gives freedom to respond quickly in emergencies or new situations without waiting for new laws or instructions.
Example: During a natural disaster, a Deputy Commissioner can use funds directly without needing approvals.
2. Faster Service Delivery
It saves time when rules are unclear or too slow. The officer can use personal judgment to solve public problems.
3. Encourages Innovation
Officers can think outside the box and apply creative solutions to local problems.
4. Personal Responsibility
Discretion increases the sense of ownership in public servants. They feel responsible for outcomes.
Demerits
1. Risk of Misuse and Corruption
If not monitored, discretion can be abused for bribes, nepotism, or personal benefits.
Example: Giving contracts to relatives or political supporters without open bidding.
2. Inconsistency in Decisions
Two officers may take different decisions in similar situations, which creates unfairness and confusion.
3. Lack of Transparency
Discretion is often used in a non-transparent way, so it’s hard for the public to know if decisions were fair.
4. Weakens Rule of Law
When officials act based on personal choice instead of law, it undermines justice and equality.
b. In Countries Like Pakistan, Do You Support or Oppose Discretionary Powers?
Balanced View: Support with Limits
In countries like Pakistan, I partially support discretionary powers — but only when they are regulated and monitored. Pakistan has complex problems, and sometimes strict rules cannot cover everything. So, some level of discretion is necessary.
Reasons to Support
- Local Conditions Are Different: Rules made in Islamabad may not fit a small village in Balochistan. Local officers need space to adjust.
- Emergencies: Quick decisions are needed in floods, earthquakes, etc., where waiting for approvals can be dangerous.
- Rigid Bureaucracy: Many procedures are outdated and slow. Discretion helps bypass unnecessary red tape.
Reasons for Concern
- Corruption Risk: In Pakistan, many officers misuse discretion for bribes or favoritism.
- Political Pressure: Politicians influence officers to use discretion in their favor.
- Lack of Accountability: There is weak system to check whether discretion was used fairly.
Suggestions
- Clear Guidelines: Define limits for discretionary powers in law and rules.
- Monitoring Mechanism: Use audits and internal checks to review decisions.
- Transparency Tools: Publish decisions and reasons online or in public record.
- Training for Officers: Teach how to use discretion ethically and fairly.
- Whistleblower Protection: Encourage reporting of misuse of power.
Conclusion
Discretionary powers can be useful if used wisely, but they are dangerous if misused. In a country like Pakistan, where corruption and political influence are common, these powers must come with strong checks and balances. Instead of removing discretion completely, we should reform and monitor its use to make public administration more responsive and fairer.
Question 6
Theories of public administration provide intellectual base for formulating sound policies. In this context:
a. Enlist contemporary public administration theories. Explain two theories out of those for their application in Pakistan.
b. How would you differentiate between Classical and New Public Administration approach? Relate it to Pakistan’s Public Sector.
Introduction
Theories in public administration help us understand how governments can work better. These theories guide planning, organizing, decision-making, and service delivery. In countries like Pakistan, applying modern theories is important to improve governance, reduce corruption, and provide efficient public services.
a. Contemporary Public Administration Theories
Some major contemporary theories are:
- New Public Management (NPM)
- New Public Service (NPS)
- Postmodern Public Administration
- Public Choice Theory
- Governance Theory
- Network Theory
- Decision-Making Theory
- Participatory Governance Theory
Explanation of Two Theories and Their Application in Pakistan
1. New Public Management (NPM)
Key Idea: NPM promotes efficiency, results, and customer service in public sector by using private-sector methods.
Application in Pakistan:
- E-governance like Pakistan Citizen’s Portal shows NPM influence.
- One-window operations in NADRA, Passport Offices, and Utility Stores aim to reduce red tape.
- Privatization of loss-making public enterprises (like PIA) is also based on NPM thinking.
- But NPM needs more trained staff, less political interference, and strong accountability — still lacking in many areas.
2. Governance Theory
Key Idea: Focuses on shared decision-making between government, private sector, and civil society. It promotes collaboration, decentralization, and citizen participation.
Application in Pakistan:
- Local Government System in Pakistan is based on this idea — bringing power closer to the people.
- Public-private partnerships (e.g., in health and education sectors) show joint responsibility.
- But weak local governments and political instability have affected true governance-style management.
b. Difference Between Classical and New Public Administration – With Reference to Pakistan
| Feature | Classical Public Administration | New Public Administration (NPA) |
| Focus | Structure, hierarchy, and control | Social equity, participation, and change |
| Approach | Rigid, rule-based | Flexible and people-focused |
| Citizens | Treated as clients | Treated as partners |
| Goal | Efficiency and discipline | Justice, fairness, and inclusion |
| Example in Pakistan | Traditional bureaucratic system inherited from British | Efforts like local governance reforms, civil society participation, and youth engagement programs |
Explanation with Pakistan’s Public Sector
- Classical Approach is seen in how bureaucracy works: strict hierarchies, long files, slow processes, and rules-first mindset.
- NPA Approach is seen in attempts to involve citizens in decision-making (like public hearings), and focus on underprivileged groups, especially through social protection programs like Ehsaas.
Conclusion
Understanding and applying public administration theories helps governments perform better. In Pakistan, a combination of both traditional and modern theories is being used. But for real change, there is a need to shift from rule-based, top-down systems to people-centered, flexible, and accountable governance. This is how theory can turn into real improvement in public service.
Question 7
Writers on public administration in South Asian Perspective opine that in corridors of high power, politicians use civil servants to realize their political/personal interests which in turn encourages nepotism and favoritism. Above in view, comment on the following:
a. Politico-social structure of Pakistan and its influence on the bureaucratic functioning of public administration mechanism.
b. Role of technology including e-administration like e-governance to make the systems free of possible malpractices.
Introduction
In South Asia, especially in Pakistan, politics and public administration are deeply connected. Politicians often interfere in the work of civil servants, using them to gain personal benefits or to reward their supporters. This damages the fairness and efficiency of bureaucracy. However, modern technology, especially e-governance, can help reduce these malpractices and bring transparency.
a. Politico-Social Structure of Pakistan and Its Influence on Bureaucracy
1. Feudal and Tribal Politics
In many areas, landlords and tribal leaders control politics. They use their influence to pressurize bureaucrats for favors, postings, or funds.
Example: A powerful MPA might force a DPO (District Police Officer) to ignore a criminal case involving his supporter.
2. Patronage Culture
Politicians promise jobs, contracts, and services to their voters. To fulfill these promises, they misuse the bureaucracy.
- Result: Merit is ignored, and loyal but unqualified people are rewarded.
3. Weak Institutional Checks
Institutions like Public Service Commissions or anti-corruption bodies are often under political pressure. Bureaucrats feel they must obey politicians to survive.
4. Nepotism and Favoritism
Politicians influence hiring, transfers, and promotions based on personal loyalty rather than performance.
5. Social Structure Promotes Silence
Due to poverty and illiteracy, many citizens don’t challenge these practices. Public servants also stay silent to protect their jobs.
Impact on Bureaucracy
- Demoralized honest officers
- Inefficient and corrupt administration
- Public loses trust in government
- Delay in development projects
b. Role of Technology and E-Administration in Reducing Malpractices
Technology can reduce human interaction in service delivery, making corruption and favoritism harder.
1. E-Governance for Transparency
Online systems make records, data, and decisions open to public view. This reduces backdoor deals.
Example: Online land records in Punjab through Land Revenue Management Information System (LRMIS).
2. Digital Complaint Portals
Platforms like Pakistan Citizen’s Portal allow people to report issues directly to higher authorities.
- Impact: Officers are held accountable, and politicians can’t easily block action.
3. Online Recruitment and Testing
Digital testing systems reduce cheating and political influence in job recruitment.
Example: Computer-based FPSC and PPSC exams with digital results.
4. E-Tendering and Procurement
Online bidding systems for government contracts reduce favoritism and increase competition.
5. Automation of Processes
Computerized systems in NADRA, Passport Offices, and Excise Departments reduce bribery by minimizing staff involvement.
6. Digital Monitoring of Performance
Apps and dashboards track officer performance, attendance, and complaints, reducing fake reporting.
Challenges in E-Governance Implementation
- Poor internet access in rural areas
- Lack of digital training for staff
- Cybersecurity risks
- Political resistance to transparency
Suggestions for Improvement
- Invest in digital infrastructure
- Train public servants in using tech
- Make IT-based systems mandatory
- Public awareness about online services
- Strong data protection laws
Conclusion
Pakistan’s political and social system puts heavy pressure on public administration. But by using technology, we can reduce corruption, favoritism, and inefficiency. E-governance is not just a tool; it is a weapon against the old culture of misuse of power. If implemented properly, it can change the future of public service delivery in Pakistan.
Question 8
Politicization of the bureaucracies is a common thread that runs through all the civil services especially in South Asia. Hence, the civil servant face difficult situations. Under this kind of situation, answer the following questions:
a. What lessons one can learn from the public administration of Western World as applicable in countries like Pakistan?
b. What strategy would you suggest for Pakistan to keep public administration clean of politicization?
Introduction
In South Asian countries like Pakistan, politicians often interfere in the work of bureaucrats. This leads to biased decision-making, poor performance, and lack of public trust. In comparison, many Western countries have developed strong systems where bureaucracy works independently and professionally. Pakistan can learn from these systems to reduce politicization and improve governance.
a. Lessons from Public Administration of the Western World
1. Merit-Based Recruitment
In countries like the UK, USA, and Canada, civil servants are selected through fair and competitive exams, and no political reference is needed.
- Lesson for Pakistan: Strengthen FPSC, PPSC, and ensure hiring is based only on merit.
2. Political Neutrality
Western bureaucrats serve the government of the day without being loyal to any party. Their promotions are based on performance, not political support.
- Lesson: Train civil servants in neutrality and professionalism, not party loyalty.
3. Legal Protection from Political Pressure
Laws in Western countries protect bureaucrats from unfair transfers or punishments by politicians.
- Lesson: In Pakistan, laws should protect officers from political revenge if they work honestly.
4. Strong Institutions
In the West, public institutions like civil service commissions and audit departments work freely without political interference.
- Lesson: Give autonomy to institutions like NAB, AGP, and Public Accounts Committees in Pakistan.
5. Transparent Evaluation Systems
Officers in Western public services are evaluated through KPIs, performance targets, and regular reviews.
- Lesson: Pakistan should move away from outdated ACRs and introduce modern performance tracking.
6. Citizen-Centered Administration
In Western systems, the focus is on serving the public, not pleasing politicians.
- Lesson: Change the mindset in Pakistan from “serving the ruler” to “serving the people”.
b. Strategy to Keep Pakistan’s Public Administration Clean of Politicization
1. Civil Service Reforms
- Introduce clear rules for appointments, transfers, and promotions.
- Reduce the power of politicians to transfer officers at will.
2. Fixed Tenure System
- Give civil servants fixed postings (e.g., 3 years) to do their work without fear of removal.
Example: Many DCs and SPs are changed after just a few months due to political reasons — this must stop.
3. Strengthen Public Service Commissions
- Ensure FPSC and provincial commissions are fully independent and well-funded.
- Avoid political appointments in these bodies.
4. Training on Ethics and Neutrality
- Add ethics and political neutrality training in civil service academies.
- Teach officers how to deal with political pressure professionally.
5. Whistleblower Laws and Protection
- Officers who report political interference or corruption should be protected by law.
6. Role of Judiciary
- Courts should act fast on cases where civil servants are unfairly treated due to politics.
7. Use of Technology
- Digital systems like e-transfer and online complaints reduce human interference and favoritism.
8. Public Awareness and Civil Society Role
- Educated citizens should support honest officers and demand depoliticized governance.
Conclusion
Politicization of bureaucracy is a major barrier to good governance in Pakistan. Western countries have shown that strong institutions, clear rules, and professional training can protect civil services from political misuse. Pakistan must follow these lessons and apply reforms to build a truly neutral, efficient, and public-friendly administration.
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